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Civil War (Abraham Lincoln is elected (Elected the 16th president of the…

- - - - The significance of the Nullification Crisis was as follows: The Nullification Crisis was the first time in which the sectional interests of the North and the South had truly came into conflict. The Nullification Crisis highlighted the states’ rights movement. The end of the Nullification crisis signified the beginning of a new era. On May 1, 1833 President Jackson wrote, "the tariff was only a pretext, and disunion and southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or slavery question." The Abolitionist Movement was established in 1833. The conflicts between the North and South beginning with the Nullification Crisis would ultimately lead to the American Civil war (1861-1865). South Carolina eventually became First State to Secede from the Union on December 20th, 1860 followed by the establishment of the Confederate States of America. This event was one of the Causes of the Civil War.
- - - - The North was not generally pleased because the South benefited more.
        
        The South: Fugitive Slave Act (allowed whites to find their runaway slaves and take them to court, but technically gave power to whites to bring any black person to court, slave or not; judge always decided in favor of white plaintiff; act was clearly unfair and in favor of the South). Utah & New Mexico Territories Choose For Slavery By Popular Sovereignty (gave choice to the people, created new territories which could account for the expansion of slavery; another pro for the South)
        
        The North: California Admitted As Free State (another free state to even the balance between free and slave states, a benefit for the North). Slave Trade Ends In Washington D.C. (the slave trade becomes prohibited in the nation's capital, however slavery was still legal; not much of a change, but a positive change nonetheless)
        
        Many politicians were becoming increasingly concerned over the possibility that some Southern states might secede, leading to the dissolution of the Union and Civil War. A compromise had to be made to find some middle ground to avoid this ultimate and disastrous form of confrontation.
      - President Zachary Taylor became increasingly alarmed by the hostile situation between the northern and southern states. He needed to find a fast resolution before the situation became completely out of hand. President Taylor also favored admission of California and New Mexico as free states and therefore sent government agents to New Mexico and California to urge the citizens to demand immediate admission to the Union. When Congress met in 1849, President Taylor stated that California had demanded admission as a free state. The Southerners were furious - they had expected that California would become a slave state. Taylor's attempt to diffuse the situation had achieved the opposite. A compromise was needed to calm the two factions, but proposals were impeded by the president. And then, during the midst of all this turmoil, the nation received the news that President Zachary Taylor had died on July 9, 1850. The new President was the conservative Millard Fillmore who made the compromise proposals more feasible. President Fillmore was faced with the unenviable task of calming the nation on the question of slavery.
- - - - Railroads, steamboats,& canals
        
        Before the Industrial Revolution, there was a time lag in almost everything that took place in the United States. It took weeks and sometimes months just to send a letter or pass information. It took months to send packages or goods across the country. Everything happened at a glacial pace. The Transportation Revolution changed all of that. Before the Industrial Revolution, there were very few roads, and even they were in bad condition.That all changed in 1817. In 1817, Congress authorized the construction of the National Road, also known as the Cumberland Road. This road extended from Maryland to the Ohio River at Wheeling, Virginia. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the invention of the steam engine became widely popular. In 1787, John Fitch demonstrated the first steamboat, which had twelve paddles and was propelled by a steam engine. From 1787 to the 1830s, steamboats were improved. In 1787, James Rumsey created the world's first boat moved by jet propulsion. In 1804, John Stevens built a steamboat with a new high-pressure steam engine. Canals are man-made waterways. By building canals, you could connect cities by water and make inland transportation quicker and easier. In April 1817, New York authorized the construction of the Erie Canal. The Erie Canal was a 363-mile canal connecting Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo, New York. When completed in 1825, the Erie Canal was immediately popular.
        
        1816 American colonization society
        
        The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed in 1817 to send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the United States. In 1822, the society established on the west coast of Africa a colony that in 1847 became the independent nation of Liberia.
        
        Slaveholders in the Virginia Piedmont region in the 1820s and 1830s comprised many of its most prominent members; slave-owning United States presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and James Madison were among its supporters. James Madison served as the Society's president in the early 1830s.
        
        weakness - It did not stop the growth of slavery, and most African Americans did not want to go to Africa. They simply wanted to be free in America society
        
        proposed the idea of freeing slaves and sending them back to Africa. This solution was thought to be a compromise between antislavery activists and slavery supporters. By 1860, nearly 12,000 African Americans had returned to Africa.
      - The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements.
        
        The Second Great Awakening made soul-winning the primary function of ministry and stimulated several moral and philanthropic reforms, including temperance and the emancipation of women.
        
        the second brought the message of spiritual equality, a conviction that there would be deliverance from slavery and a rise in the number of black preachers.
        
        As a result, church attendance increased during the first half of the nineteenth century. A desire to reform the U.S. also arose out of the Second Great Awakening. The U.S. temperance and abolitionist movements were both greatly influenced by the revival movement and its messages.
        
        It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. It started in upstate New York, but spread to New England and the Midwest. During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals.
        
        The Second Great Awakening led to a period of antebellum social reform and an emphasis on salvation by institutions. The outpouring of religious fervour and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists.
        
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      - Gabriel's Rebellion
        
        Gabriel's Rebellion was a black slave rebellion that had been planned near Richmond Virginia by a slave known as Gabriel Prosser. On August 30, 1800, Gabriel intended to lead slaves into Richmond, but the rebellion was postponed because of rain. The slaves' owners had suspicion of the uprising, and two slaves told their owner, Mosby Sheppard, about the plans. Even though the planned rebellion was stopped before it began it is an important event in black slavery history. The failed rebellion alarmed the white population in the south. Fearing future rebellions could be carried out white slave owners and others took harsh actions that limited slave's abilities to become educated and to meet in groups
        
        The treatment of slaves in the south worsened due to the failed rebellion. Slave owners and others took steps aimed at eliminating the chance of future rebellions. These steps included: The education of slaves was prohibited. Slaves were no longer allowed to assemble in large groups. The hiring out of slaves, to perform work for someone other than their owner, was prohibited. The travel of slaves between plantations and to jobs was monitored more closely. Freed slaves in Virginia were required leave the state within a certain time period or face re-enslavement.
        
        This newly repressive slave system was a tragic outcome for African-American collective action that had intended to liberate slaves. The reinvigorated slave societies of the south thrived in the 19th century and only ended with the massive violence of the Civil War. Nevertheless, the hypocrisy of slavery in a new nation dedicated to democracy was more obvious than ever before in American history.
        
        Radical Abolitionists
        
        The Abolitionist Movement was a social pressure group whose organization was based in the North and established to abolish the institution of slavery. The goal of the abolitionist movement in the industrialized free states of the North was the emancipation of slaves in the agricultural slave states of the south that depended on slave labor for their cash crop economy.
        
        Frederick Douglas
        
        In Massachusetts, Douglass met with people who were against slavery. These people were called abolitionists because they wanted to "abolish" slavery. Frederick began to speak at meetings about his experiences as a slave. He was an excellent speaker and moved people with his story. He became famous, but this also put him in danger of being captured by his former slave owners. To avoid being captured, Douglass traveled to Ireland and Britain where he continued to speak to people about slavery.
        
        By 1860, Douglass was well known for his efforts to end slavery and his skill at public speaking. During the Civil War, Douglass was a consultant to President Abraham Lincoln and helped convince him that slaves should serve in the Union forces and that the abolition of slavery should be a goal of the war.
        
        Afire with deep religious conviction, the libertarian radicalism of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison looked on slavery not as an isolated, self-contained phenomenon, but as an all-pervading institution, its evil wellsprings and effects found across society. And if slavery and its underlying moral failings permeated all the halls of power, then it wasn’t enough merely to attack the practice itself, or even particular individuals of pieces of law. Rather the entire substructure of government was to be catechized and confronted, the bases of American social life subjected to the most fervid reassessment. Products of a distinct moment in American history, the radical abolitionists present an important and enduring — if underappreciated — contribution to libertarian thought, a legacy of unflinching, principled iconoclasm. In a basic sense and at its core, libertarianism is abolitionism, the opposition to human enslavement, be it full chattel slavery or some more qualified coercive control. Short of murder, the ownership of one human being by another is simply the most egregious and extreme affront to the fundamental principle defining the libertarian philosophy, the prescript standing in opposition to aggression against the individual.
        
        William Lloyd Garrison
        
        Lloyd Garrison, was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known for his widely-read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831 and published in Boston until slavery in the United States was abolished by Constitutional amendment in 1865.
        
        In 1830, William Lloyd Garrison started an abolitionist paper, The Liberator. In 1832, he helped form the New England Anti-Slavery Society. When the Civil War broke out, he continued to blast the Constitution as a pro-slavery document. When the civil war ended, he, at last, saw the abolition of slavery.
        
        1808 Congress bans importation of slavery
        
        The 1807 act was a comprehensive attempt to close the slave trade. By passing the law in March, Congress gave all slave traders nine months to close down their operations in the United States. Article 1, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution protected the slave trade for twenty years. Only starting January 1, 1808, could laws become effective to end the slave trade. “The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person…” The ten sections of the 1807 act were designed to eliminate all American participation in the trade. Section 1 set the tone. After January 1, 1808, it would “not be lawful to import or bring into the United States or the territories thereof from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, with intent to hold, sell, or dispose of such [person] … as a slave, to be held to service or labour.” The act provided an enormous penalty — up to $20,000 — for anyone building a ship for the trade or fitting out an existing ship to be used in the trade. The U.S. Congress passed this piece of landmark legislation to end the profitable international slave trade on March 2, 1807, and President Thomas Jefferson promptly signed the act, making it law. The act went into effect on January 1, 1808, prohibiting from that time on the importation of African slaves to the United States.
        
        Basically since slaves trade was banned this meant the South didn't get to have more easy and cheap slaves. Also they had to keep their slaves alive. They will eventually keep the slaves for a long time and make them part of their everyday lives and economy. Tensions will rise between the Northern states and the Southern states leading to Civil War.
      - Whig Party
        
        The Whig Party was a political party formed in 1834 by opponents of President Andrew Jackson and his Jacksonian Democrats. Led by Henry Clay, the name “Whigs” was derived from the English antimonarchist party and and was an attempt to portray Jackson as "King Andrew." The Whigs were one of the two major political parties in the United States from the late 1830s through the early 1850s.
        
        Whigs stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements.
        
        By the mid-1850s, tensions were mounting within the party over the divisive issue of slavery as the country expanded into new territory. The last straw was the signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which overturned the Missouri Compromise and allowed each territory to decide for itself whether it would be a slave state or free. Alarmed, anti-slavery Whigs spun off to found the Republican Party in 1854. Abraham Lincoln, a Republican president deeply inspired by Henry Clay, would win the presidency in 1860 and go on to lead the nation through Civil War.
        
        Amp Party
        
        During the Civil War, Northern Democrats divided into two factions: the War Democrats, who supported the military policies of President Lincoln; and the Copperheads, who strongly opposed them. Many former Democrats became Republicans, especially soldiers such as generals Ulysses S. Grant and John A. Logan. They were the followers of Andrew Jackson and were also called the Jacksonian Democrats.
    - - Merchants had grown wealthy during the farming crisis after the Civil War. ... Textile mills could easily exploit the abundant supply of relatively low-wage labor as workers shifted from agriculture to industry. The merchants tightened credit in the 1880s and 1890s, and the economic distress on small farmers increased.
      - The American Civil War devastated the South. ... For at least two generations after the American Civil War the South remained predominantly agricultural and largely outside the industrial expansion of the national economy. One exception was the development of the iron and steel industry around Birmingham, Alabama.
  - - - It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War.so northern who supported the abolishment of slavery was not really happy about it and south that did not support the abolishment of slavery was very okay with the invention of cotton gin
- - - - Annexation of Texas
        
        The Texas annexation was the 1845 annexation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. It applied for annexation to the United States the same year, but was rejected by the Secretary of State. At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States. The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave-holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress. Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico, whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province. With Texas's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s, the President of the Texas Republic, Sam Houston, arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence, with the United Kingdom mediating. In 1843, U.S. President John Tyler, then unaligned with any political party, decided independently to pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office.