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Cells (Eukaryotes (have nucleus/organelles, ability to form multicellular…

- - - - have cell walls, multicellular, make food (photosynthesis, chloroplast, large central vacuole)
    - - have cell walls, mulicellular, eat food
    - - no cell walls, multicellular, eat food (lysosomes, centrioles)
    - - single celled eukaryotes
  - - - Nucleus membrane
        
        Controls what comes in/out of nucleus
      - Chromosomes
        
        Highly coiled DNA w/ protein present when cell reproduces
      - Nucleolus
        
        Makes ribosomes
      - Chromatin
        
        DNA w/ prote in present during normal cell activity
    - - Ribsomes
        
        Molecular machine making proteins (not organelle, prokaryotes also have)
      - Golgi Apparatus
        
        edits protein/ packages protein for export out of cell
      - Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Rough ER
        
        membrane for channeling materials to making proteins, stubbed w/lysosomes
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Membrane to channeling materials for making fat
      - Mitochondria
        
        extracts energy from sugar into vacuole form
      - Lysosomes
        
        memebrane bound bubble filled w/ digestive enaymes.
      - Chloroplast
        
        Contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplast works to convert light energy from the sun into sugar for food for the plant
      - Vacuole
        
        Used for storage, recycling of material, and detoxification of dangerous substances
      - b
        
        Involved in cell reproduction and are anchor points for microtubule cytoskeleton
    - - Microtuble
        
        help support cell shape and serve as ronds for moving things within cell
      - Microfilament
        
        help to support membrane and cell wall, give cells its shape
      - Phospholipid bilayer - the membrane
        
        Phospholipid structure
        
        Hydrophilic phosphate head
        
        hydrophobic tail
        
        They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic
        
        Embedded proteins
        
        helps with transport- active and facilitated diffusion
        
        helps with immune system
        
        Cholesterol
        
        structure membrane fatty
        
        Cell Transport
        
        Passive transport - with concentration gradient No Energy Used
        
        Simple Diffusion
        
        small non-polar molecules pass through membrane from high to low concentration
        
        Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Use of protein pumps to transport ions or molecules no energy
        
        Osmosis - movement of water from across cell membrane. Diffusion of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water. No Energy
        
        Transport protein
        
        embedded in membrane, specialized molecules that let in and out particular substances
        
        Can transport ions, small protein, and macromolecules acros the membrane
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Active transport - Movement of ions or molecules from low to high using energy. *Needs to pump "uphill". Assisted by enzymes and requires energy
        
        Exocytosis - the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
        
        Endocytosis- the process of capturing a substance or particle form outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell
        
        Concentration gradient - the process of particles/solutes moving through a solution or gas from an are with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles.
        
        Hypotonic - a solution that has less solute ans more water
        
        Isotonic - a solution with same particles
        
        Hypertonic - a solution that contains more solute and water goes out of cell and shrinks
- - - - oldest, eat chemicals
    - - eat sugar, most successful