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biology (respiratory system (system (Air enters through the nose or mouth…
biology
respiratory system
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system
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Air travels down the trachea until it divides into two bronchi (singular: bronchus) which connect to the lungs
The right lung is composed of three lobes, while the left lung is only comprised of two (smaller due to position of heart)
Inside each lung, the bronchi divide into many smaller airways called bronchioles, greatly increasing surface area
Each bronchiole terminates with a cluster of air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange with the bloodstream occurs
pressure
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As volume increases, pressure decreases; and as volume decreases, pressure increases
muscles of inspiration: diaphragm (contracts and flattens to increase volume of thoracic activity); external intercostals (contracts and pulls ribs upwards and outwards - expand chest)
muscles of expiration: abdominal muscles (contracts and push diaphragm upwards - force exhalation); internal intercostals (contracts pulls rib inwards and downwards - reducing breadth of chest); relaxes the diaphragm
gas exchange - the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and bloodstream (via passive diffusion)
ventilation is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs – achieved by the physical act of breathing
levels of organization
- specialised cells are cells with specific features and functions
- tissues are made up of cells that are similar in structure and function, the cells work together to perform a specific activity
- organs are made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity
- organ systems are groups of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function
- organisms are entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes.
digestive system
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digestion
carbohydrates - are digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Carbohydrase enzymes break down starch into sugars. The saliva in your mouth contains amylase, which is another starch digesting enzyme.
proteins - are digested in the stomach and small intestine. Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids. Digestion of proteins in the stomach is helped by stomach acid, which is strong hydrochloric acid.
lipids - Lipase enzymes break down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Digestion of fat in the small intestine is helped by bile, made in the liver. Bile breaks the fat into small droplets that are easier for the lipase enzymes to work on. Bile is NOT AN ENZYME.
The digestive system is the organ system that breaks food down into small molecules that are absorbed into the bloodstream. Digestion is helped by enzymes, which are biological catalysts.
homeostasis is a state of equilibrium or balance inside an organism that all body systems work together to maintain
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feedback loops are a system of response that cause other reactions to respond, to maintain homeostasis
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energy
ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) stores energy in the bonds and ADP (adenosine di-phosphate) has free energy available to use