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60 year-old DMII patient has a myocardial infarction, mitral valve failure…

- - - - Auricles: increase volume of heart; receives excess blood
      - Papillary Muscles: contract to prevent prolapse of valves on systole
      - Fossa Ovalis: allow shunting between left and right atrium
      - Pectinate Muscles: increase power of contraction w/o increasing heart mass
      - Chordae Tendinae: holds AV valves in place while heart pumps blood
      - Interventricular Septum: separates ventricles of heart
      - Heart Valves: prevent backflow of blood
        
        Tricuspid: prevent backflow from RV back to RA
        
        Pulmonary Semi Lunar: prevent backflow from lungs back to RV
        
        Bicuspid: prevent backflow from LV back to LA
        
        Aortic Semi Lunar: prevent backflow from aorta back to LV
        
        Blood Vessels
        
        Superior & Inferior Vena Cava: carries O2 poor blood to RA
        
        Pulmonary Trunk: carries blood from RV to pulmonary arteries of lung
        
        Pulmonary Artery: carry O2 poor blood from heart to lungs
        
        Aorta: carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
        
        Heart Tissue
        
        Intercalated Discs
        
        Gap Junctions: pathway that permits flow of ions btwn cardiac cells
        
        Desmosomes: anchors cardiac protein filaments; prevents cardiac cells from splitting
  - - - RA through tricuspid valve into Right Ventricle
        
        RV through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk
        
        Pulmonary trunk/ 2 pulmonary arteries into the lungs
        
        Lungs through 4 pulmonary veins back to the heart's Left Atrium
        
        LA through bicuspid valve to the Left Ventricle
        
        LV through aortic semilunar valve through aorta
        
        1 more item...
  - - - S2 Dubb: heart sound produced by the closing of semilunar valves
    - - As blood volume decreases, BP decreases.
        
        Decrease in HR due to increase in BP; decrease in blood pressure = increase in HR
        
        BP = driving force that propels blood throughout the body & blood vessels
        
        Systolic Pressure: highest BP generated in arteries in ventricular systole when artery is max. stretched
        
        Low BP deprives body of enough O2 to carry out normal functions; can increase damage to the heart due to not getting enough O2 to the tissue; becomes necrotic
      - Heart Function & Respiratory Rate
        
        Breathing rate can affect HR, not vise versa
        
        Heart may not be pumping enough oxygenated blood through the heart to the body, decreasing efficiency of body cells; cause fatigue, deprivation of nutrients to tissues, etc.
        
        Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: inhalation = HR increases, Exhalation = HR decreases
        
        Heart Rate: increases or decreases depending on firing rate of AV node (chronotropic agents)
        
        Stroke Volume: volume of blood pumped from ventricle during ventricular contraction
        
        Increase in venous return = increase in stroke volume/ pumping force
        
        Afterload increases resistance of contraction, decreasing SV
        
        Arterload: resistance in arteries to ejection of blood
        
        Preload: stretch of heart wall prior to contraction
        
        Frank-Starling Law: as volume of blood entering heart increases, preload increases
        
        3 more items...
- - - - Myocardial Infarction occurs due to build up of atherosclerosis, causing blockage to the heart; heart unable to pump blood
- - - - Sudden cardiac arrest
      - Another heart attack or MI
    - - Blood clots
        
        Thrombus or Embolism
        
        Stroke, pulmonary embolism, etc.
      - Sudden cardiac arrest due to inefficient cardiac output
  - - - Multi-System organ failure
  - - - Reduced blood flow
        
        Lack of nutrients and blood going to certain organs
        
        Tissue death, necrosis
      - Pressure in heart increases
        
        Heart valve malfunctions
        
        Pulmonary & systemic edema from heart valve failure
        
        Pulmonary edema leading to pleural effusion
        
        Swelling of liver
        
        Abdominal Swelling & distension
    - - Embolic stroke or other systemic embolism
    - - sudden cardiac arrest
  - - - Cardiogenic shock
  - - - Death
  - - - Depletion of nutrients to muscles of heart & other organs
  - - - Possible cardiac tamponade
- - - - Blood clots
        
        Stroke
  - - - Lead to right-sided heart failure