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MOD 1 & 2 - Nervous System (Autonomic Nervous System (Sends energy to…
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Lipase breaks down tryglicerides into fatty acids. Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars, giving sweet taste
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Peristalsis pulls food down toward the stomach. Epiglottis closes off trachea to prevent choking on food. Saliva lubricates esophagus 
Antibacterial agents in saliva kills bacteria in food
Bolus of food enters and muscles relax and contract to pull food down
Sphincter tights to prevent stomach contents from flowing back up. We can control this muscle, i.e., burping on demand. Toxins activate TNF which opens sphincter so we can eject the bad food
Mucoproteins coat stomach to protect it. Gastrin is released to produce acid, pH levels drop. Low acidity kills bacteria
Acid in stomach releases pepsinogen that turns into pepsin to break down proteins. Helicobacter is resistent to pepsin and breaks through the protective wall and causes ulcers. Ghrelin is released when stomach is empty
MOD 2 - Carbs, Glucose, Diabetes
3 Carb Types
Monosaccharides - Easily Absorbed
Galactose is mother's milk
Polysaccharides
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Vitamin B
Riboflavin (FAD) B2
- Critical in kreb cycle
- Production of energy
- Need it daily, but in small amounts
- Deficiency - inflammation of the tongue
- Easily destroyed by sunlight, which is why milk cartons are opaque
- People who consume lots of riboflavin foods have lower cancer rates
Niacin (NAD) B3
- Niacin is critical in making NAD for producing ATP (energy). Deficiency causes weakness, fatigue, brain fog, memory problems, dermatitis
- We can make niacin from tryptofan but it's inefficient (60 grams for 1 gram of niacin)
- Pellagra - severe niacin deficiency. Extreme definciency can lead to dimentia
- High levels of niacin lower cholesterol but can cause vision and liver damage.
Thiamine B1
- Major role in energy but not kreb. Converts piruvate to mytochondria
- Deficiency - build up of lactic acid. Makes it hard to exercise (barry barry condition). Easily reversed and is supplemented in many foods. Not a lot of deficiency these days.
Pentetic Acid - B5
- Major component of coenzyme A, which combines with piruvate to produce acytel CoA. Definiciency means ATP production is impaired. Definiciency is rare.
Pyridoxine - B6
- Allows for transamination, which carries amino groups between substrates. Important for gluconeogenesis, i.e. making glucose from amino acids.
- Important for neurotransmitters
- Plays role in conversion of homosystene.
- Deficiencies rare because it's in lots of foods (peas, bananas, fish, chicken...). Drugs for tuberculosis can cause deficiency. Pregnancy increases requirement for B6. Contraceptions can cause also.
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Retina opens wide
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Activates specific organs; more fine tuned
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Optimize movement; reacts all over the body
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Celiac makes villi retract and interferes with nutrient absorption. Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea. Lactase reduced causing lactose intolerance; memory, concentration
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Fiber - Big chains of mono we can't absorb.
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Salive makes amylase that breaks down starches into monos
The starch march - After break down and absorption, nutrients sent to liver for action. Most goes to the blood stream.
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Rapid rise in glucose
Effects pancreas. Activates beta cells, which produces insulin. Insulin controls concentration of glucose.
**Insulin Behavior:
- On muscles - pulls glucose into muscles and synthesizes glycogen; synthesizes fat; synthesized by muscle movement
- On fat - pulls glucose in to produce fat and increases size of fat cell; VLDL carries fat from liver to fat cells. then insulin stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down the fat and brought into fat cell. Sympathetic receptors block release of fat from cell. Larger fat cells reduce receptor sensitivity.
- Liver - absorbs glucose w/o insulin but Liver Enzyme #1 triggers fat storage to remove excess insulin from blood circulation. Liver Enzyme #2 inhibits glucose synthesis**
Diabetes
- Type I / Juvenile Diabetes - more in meat eaters than vegetarians. Beta cells not operation and blood glucose stays high and can't produce insulin
- Type II / Adult onset - Insulin receptors don't work. Receptors can pull glucose down.
- Gestational Diabetes - During 4% of pregancy. Shuts down insulin receptors; glucose invades fetus and causes macrosomia (large baby)
- Pre-diabetes - glucose levels getting close to diabetic
**Diabetes Treatment
- Change diet; small, frequent meals
- Low GI foods
- High soluble fiber diet
- Insulin pump - Type I
- Oral hypoglycemics - Type II
- Lose weight / exercise - shrink fat cells to improve sensitivity of receptors
- Exercise - Pull glucose from blood stream into the muscles**
Hypoglycemia - Low Glucose
Alpha cells release glucagon, which goes to liver to release glycogen and it turns into glucose to increase glucose.
Delta cells release somatostatin to damp down alpha and beta cells to neutralize the swings between high low glucose
- Fasting - from not eating
- Reactive - insulin receptors over activated
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GIP - the shut off hormone. Insulin-like effects of increasing uptake of glucose by muscles; synthesizes fat from glucose in liver and other tissues; tells liver to stop producing glucose
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Benefits of slowing stomach dump reducing dumping syndrome, ulcers, diabetes, appetite suppressant. Fibers bind to bile which reduces cancer.
Fiber slows dumping. Soluble expands with water. Insoluble swells with water.
Keeps intestinal wall connected; stores abdominal fat
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Long chains of mono and disaccharides chain together. Easily broken down.
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Glycogen - we make it. Helps us store monos
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Beta males call the insulin infantry
to control the glucose uprising.
No beta males means glucose takes over!
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See big objects like bear, but not fine details.
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"Composition of chyme" Contents determine how quickly stomach dumps; very large meals means it gets dumped before digestion; acidity must be low for dump; osmotic pressure must be neutralzed by water; viscosity (how thick stomach agents are), must be non-viscit to be dumped
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All aboard aminos! Let's go!
Paristalsis Parachutes food!
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