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Ch. 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (Types of Cells &…
Ch. 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Types of Cells & Tissues
Parenchyma
Thin primary walls
Soft part of plant
Parenchyma tissue
Mass of parenchyma cells
Most common
Active metabolically
Has many functions
Chlorenchyma
Photosynthesis
Numerous chloroplasts
Thin walls
Allows light to pass
Allows CO2 to pass
Glandular cells
Secretes nectar
Fragrance
Mucilage
Resins
Oils
Few chloroplast
Dictyosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports
Sugar
Minerals
Transfer cells
Mediates shortdistance transport
Large plasma membrane
Increase surface area
Extensive knobs
Ridges
Other ingrowths
Alive at maturity
Collenchyma
Unevenly thickened walls
Exhibits plasticity
Able to deform
Pressure
Tension
Retain shape
Alive at maturity
Provide plastic support
Elongating shoot tips
Long
Flexible
Require more gluclose
Sclerenchyma
Primary walls
Dead at maturity
Some water transport
Secondary walls
Lignified
Elastic
Can be deformed
Two types
Conducting
Tracheids
Long, narrowed tapered ends
No perforations
Dead at maturity
All vascular plants
Vessel elements
Short, wide, perpendicular endwalls
Dead at maturity
1-2 perforations
Found in flowering plants
Mechanical
Long fibers
Many are dead
Others are alive
Involved with storage
Short sclereids
More/less isodiametric
Dead at maturity
Acts brittle & inflexible
External Organization of Stems
Stem
An axis
Terminal bud
Phyllotaxy
Alternate
Opposite
Decussate
Whorled
Spiral
Distichous
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/anatomy-of-flowering-plants/stem/
Shoot
Stem
Leaf axil
Axillary bud
Mini shoot
Area above node
Leaves
Nodes
Internodes
Wide
Intermediate
Narrow
Region between nodes
Where leaves attach
Flowers
Buds
Bud scales
Small
Corky
Waxy
Protects bud
Stem Growth and Differentiation
Apical Meristems
Subapical Meristem
Cells stop dividing
Cells start elongating
Differentiating
first tracheids
vessel elements
protoxylem
Metaxylem
protophloem
metaphloem
https://www.britannica.com/science/apical-meristem
Ground meristem
protoderm
early stages of epidermal cells
https://www.britannica.com/science/ground-meristem
Internal Organization of Stems
Vascular Tissues
Xylem
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Conducts water & minerals
Tracheids
Vessel Elements
Phloem
Distributes sugars & minerals
Sieve Cells
Albuminous Cells
Sieve tube members
Companion Cells
Vascular Bundles
Pith
Similar to cortex
Xylem
Primary xylem
Phloem
Primary phloem
companion cells
albuminous cells
sieve elements
Collateral
Epidermis
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Thin wall
Guard cells
#
Stomatal Pore
Shields internal organs
Trichomes (hairs)
Barrier
Fungi
Bacteria
Insects
Prevent loss of water
Single layer
Outermost surface
Cutin
Cuticle
Cortex
#
#
Interior to epidermis
latex
mucilage
pitch (resin)
Large crystals of Calcium
Deposits of silica
Fits together compactly
