Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Unit 6B: Operant Learning (operant conditioning: a type of learning in…
Unit 6B: Operant Learning
operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a punisher
B.F. Skinner: a behaviorist that developed the concept of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
law of effect: behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to continue and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to continue
Edward Thorndike
operant chamber: contains a bar or key that an animal can use to manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcers
classical conditioning: a type of learning in which an organism learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
reinforcement: any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
shaping: reinforcers guide behavior toward a closer approximation of a desired behavior
discriminative stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a response after association with a reinforcement
respondent behavior: automatic responses to a stimulus
operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
organisms associate their own actions with their consequences
shaping example: a child learns to crawl, then stand, then finally walk
also called successive approximations
positive reinforcement: any stimulus that strengthens a response after being presented
negative reinforcement: any stimulus that when removed from a situation, strengthens a response
ex) removing restrictions from a child when she follows the rules
negative reinforcement is NOT punishment
primary reinforcers: stimuli that reinforces a biological need, such as food, water, and pleasure
secondary reinforcers: stimuli that gains its power by adding on to the primary reinforcer, ex) money, grades in school, tokens (they can be used to access the primary reinforcer)
reinforcement schedule: patterns that define how often a reinforcement is given
continuous reinforcement: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement: reinforcing a response only part of the time (BEST WAY IS TO START WITH CONTINUOUS THEN MOVE TO PARTIAL)
continuous: rapid learning but also rapid extinction partial: learning is slower but extinction is more preventable
fixed-ratio schedule: reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses
variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement occurs after a random number of responses
fixed interval schedule: reinforcement occurs after a set amount of time
variable interval schedule: reinforcement occurs after a random amount of time
punishment tells you what NOT to do, reinforcement tells you what TO do
positive punishment: adds something negative, any type of punishment that is given to stop a behavior
negative punishment: takes away something positive, anything that you take away to punish a behavior (ex. getting your phone or car taken)
tolman's cognitive map: a mental representation and layout of one's environment
latent learning: learning that occurs but is not apparent until it has to be demonstrated
insight: sudden realization of a problem's solution
intristic: a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
extrinstic: a desire to perform a behavior to receive its promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
overjustification effect: when an exposed external initiative such as money or prizes decreases a person's desire to perform a task
observational learning: learning by watching others
modeling: the process of observing or imitating a behavior
person associated with observational learning: Bandura
mirror neurons: neurons in the frontal lobe near the motor cortex that are believed to fire when we observe another person
the brain's mirroring of action from another may enable imitation or empathy