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IHT, Serviced Apartment (designed for travellers who intend to stay for 5…
IHT
Serviced Apartment
designed for travellers who intend to stay for 5 days or longer
require reduced hotel services
aka extended stay lodging/hotels
large hotel chains > offer services (Executive Residences) : avail for ownership
in SG, min stay of 7 days to be able to book
facilities > provide guests with comfort of own homes
ancillary services avail > not as extensive as full service hotel
hskp service > not provided on daily basis
eg. Frasers Hospitality, St Regis Residences, Ritz Carlton Residences, Ascott Group
two level
How are TAs compensated?
Mark Up Basis
diff between price TAs can obtain & price they can charge when selling
eg. TAs get room at 200++ > sell for 400++
Commission Basis
based on level of sales
calculated using agreed percentage
eg 10%
serve as sales/retail outlet
Other charges
service fees for booking airlines, hotels, rental cars etc
fee for visa application, document delivery, urgent/express services
simplifies travel process for consumer
more efficient
more effective for supplier
Types of tour
Independent
least structured
traveller set own itinerary
eg. accommodation, meals, car rental, tickets
Escorted
most structured
comes as complete package with all tour elements
begins & ends on set date
follow specific & detailed itinerary
travel by motorcoach with escort/manager
Most TAs> member of National Association of Travel Agents Singapore (NATAS)
eg. Chan Brothers, CTC Travel, Dynasty, SA tours
aka indirect channel/retails agents
Travel Agents(TA) intermediaries > bring suppliers & consumer tgt
though technology changed > TAs still provide impt sales & info links between suppliers & public
tour operator
may work with Receptive Service Operator (RSO)/ inbound tour operator/ground operator
local companies > specialize in handling needs of traveller
work with TAs to develop packages
eg. SG > RMG Tours, Luxury Tours & Travel, Tour East
aka packager, wholesale tour operator, tour operator, tour wholesaler, wholesaler
operator puts tour package tgt eg.accommodation, transfers, meals, tickets etc
biz organisation > engaged in planning, prepping, marketing & operating vacation tours
company act as wholesaler > operates tour that it creates/packages
work tgt and make money thru mark-up basis
eg. Abercrombie & Kent, Globus Tours, Contiki, Trafalgar, Insight Vacations, TUI Group
Accommodation
Concept of Hospitality
home away from home environment
consumption of food, drink and accommodation
underpins what tourist experiences
Serviced Accommodation
accommodation with services & facilities
included in charge for product
Examples
Hotels
Resorts
Budget accommodation
Serviced Apartments/Executive Residences
Non-Serviced Accommodation
only accommodation
aka self-catering accommodation
examples
timeshares
farm stay
caravans/camping
villas
visiting friends and relatives (VFR)
Capital intensive
infrastructure that tourists utilize
labour intensive
servicing visitor's need
diverse, complex & in state of constant change & evolution
Serviced Accommodation (Resorts)
Similar to hotels (except location)
located at mountainside/island/exotic location close to nature
more leisurely relaxed as compared to other accommodation
provides extensive f&b & recreational facilities
golf
horseback
riding
trekking
sailing
skiing
tennis
spa
eg. Amara Santuary Resort, Banyan Tree Bintan Resort, Four Seasons Resort Chiang Mai
All inclusive Resorts
charge fixed price
include most/all items
use of cash not required during stay
resort provides list of services & activities in one package
include
lodging
food
use of facilities
sports activities
games
entertainment (shows)
concept originates > holiday camps & villages
eg. Butlin's in Britain & French-based Club Med
Club Med
all-inclusive resorts > designed for specific vacation interests
activities and facilities geared towards target customers
staff are "GOs", resort is village, resort manager is chef de village (Village Chief)
special feature > GO & GM play, dine, drink, dance together every day and night
outdoor buffet (group dining), daytime sport-playing, evening shows with extensive audience participation (part of holiday experience)
Budget Accommodation
Motels/Inn/Guest houses
provide comfort of their own homes
ancillary services available
not as extensive
cater to guests arriving by cars
located near major highways
suburban/roadside areas
provide ample parking spaces
eg. Motel 6, Super 8 by Wyndham
Bed & Breakfast
aka B&B
room & breakfast included
no other meals/services
no license to serve alcoholic beverages
owner live on premises
led > strong home-style atmosphere
usually located
historical residences
scenic areas
small towns
low cost & no frills (characteristics)
limited F&B & other services
transport improvements (ie. low cost carriers & innovation by entrepreneur)
eg. Hotel 81, Fragrance Hotel, easyHotel etc
Transportation
Transport for Tourism
utilise/functional act involves a mode/modes of travel
between origin & destination
travel within destination
eg. taxi, bus metro, intercity rail, flights
availability of facilities to facilitate movement of tourists
from places of origin to destination
within destination
back to origin
Modes of Transport
Land-based
car
coach/bus
cycling
rail
Water-based
cruises
ferries
pleasure crafts on inland waterway
Air Transport
scheduled
non-scheduled
intermodal transport
using diff types of transport to reach destination
eg plane to country, train to city, car to specific area
Transport as Tourism
mode of transport as integral to overall experience
eg. cruising/taking scenic railway journey
walking/cycling holoiday, heritage railway, kayaking, ballooning
tourism industry > cease without efficient & effective transportation system
Dining Brigade System
Dining Room Manager (Maitre d'hotel)
trains all service personnel
oversees wine selection
work with chef to determine menu
organise seating throughout service
Back Waiter (Demichef de rang/Busser)
clear plates between courses
fills water glasses & bread baskets
replaces ashtrays & assist front waiter/captain as needed
Front Waiter (chef de rang)
ensures table is properly set for each course
food is properly delivered to table
needs of guests > promptly & courteously met
Wine Steward (Chef de fin/sommelier)
responsible for all aspect of restaurant wine service
purchase wine, prepare wine list, assisting guests in wine selection, serve wine properly
Captain (chef d'etage)
deals most directly with guests once seated
header waiter (chef de salle)
generally ic of service for entire dining room
Impacts on Tourism
Carrying Capacity
Physical
Environmental
Ecological
analysis of potential environment impacts of tourism
Economic Impacts
most significant reasons for developing tourism > economic gains (quantity)
Negative
Inflation
Opportunity Costs
Overdependence
Seasonality
Income & employment
Positive
National Income
Employment
Multiplier Effect
Others
Political Impacts
how decisions concerning public and use of scarce resources are made (quality)
Role of Government in Tourism
Tourism policy & planning
Social/Cultural Impacts
relate to changes in societal value system, individual behavior, social relationships, lifestyles, modes of expression & community structures
Positive
visitors/locals learning about each other, differences, similarities
become aware of new tastes/way of thinking
attainment of "critical mass) of interest
improved standards of living, greater educational opportunities
preserve region's historical & natural sites
Negative
overcrowding
lead to resentment > have to share resources/facilities
Environmental
growing body of knowledge > recognizes importance of managing & protecting environment
Negative
loss of natural habitat & effects on wildlife
pollution
loss of spirit
overcrowding & traffic congestion
wear & tear
Positive
conservation of historic buildings
enhancement of local environment
protection of wildlife
associated with tourist activities & their effects on tourism
costs (negative)
benefit (positive)
technological changes
future changes in air travel
larger air crafts with longer range(A380)
shorter flying time
more space & better comfort for passengers & cabin crew
air travel become "greener"
lower break point for profitable operation
lower operating costs
flexibility on configuration of seats/on-board facilities
7 technology trends
Internet of Things (IoT)
Recognition Technology
Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality
Robotics
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Big Data
as travel tools
exploded in last years of 20th century > become travel tools in 21st century
88% gained online access while abroad
increasing use of e-commerce > open up distribution channels for tourism products
data mining > aid tourism suppliers > target micro segments & customise marketing mix to fulfill needs of specific travellers
social media > increasingly used as marketing/sales tool
trends and development in info communication technology (ICT)
computer networking
video image transmission
mobile phone ownership
vid/virtual conferencing may replace telephone conference call
technology vs human touch
adopting technology at faster rate > travellers embracing movement
tho depersonalise service > growing number of travellers prefer speed & efficiency > personal interaction with employees
eg make bookings online or speak to travel agent better?
implications
travel product > sold directly to cust thru ICT
less biz travel since meetings conducted via virtual conferencing
Why Travellers use intermediaries
Special Treatment
travellers > get preferential treatment while on tour
eg special queue to Eiffel Tower, reserved table
One-stop shopping
buying process easier
one payment covers most of the costs & paperwork
Worry free
leave problem and coordination to travel company
enjoy tour fully (tour manager) to assist
Cost savings
tour packages cheaper than buying each component individually
due to economies of scale (bulk purchase) & buying (bargaining) power of intermediaries
Convenience
purchase package > allow decision making process shorter
traveller dont want to spend alot of time deciding what to do & which supplier to use
Negative Economic Impact
Inflation
relates to land, property, goods
increased demand for land > increases price
causes negative effects on local population
locals > force into competing
for land
housing
tourism development interests
Opportunity costs
relates > time, effort, money > developing tourism @ expense of other activities
if nation's govt invest in tourism > money spent no longer avail for other uses
eg. use land for attraction > no/lesser housing for local residents
Overdependence
heavy reliance on single industry (eg tourism) for country/region is risky in long term
most common & influential types of crisis
international war of conflict
acts of terrorism
crime wave, esp against tourists
natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunami etc)
epidemics of diseases (ebola, sars, mad cow, mers, coronavirus)
Seasonality
major disadvantage of tourism
high season > bring good revenue
eg. hotels attractions etc > close during off peak season/employees only have jobs during summer
Income & Employment
tourism> bring employment & increased income
but many higher paid jobs > not avail to local residents
income generated > may not benefit the poor in society as tourism spending is leaked out of destination (eg. foreign investor of resort)
Carrying Capacity
Physical Capacity
limit actual number of users
dont take comfort level of users into account (fit 200 but not comfortable)
physical resources influence physical carrying capacity
number of roads/parking lots
amount of water resources
Environmental Capacity
limit number of users > area can accommodate before visitors perceive decline in desireability of area
subjective > varies on season etc
eg. crowded beach on summer day, disneyland on public holiday
Ecological Capacity
maximum level of users area can accommodate before ecological damage is incurred
vary on type of use
eg. backpacker > leave less impact than campers who drive to national park, beaches more fragile than mountainous areas (ecosystems
concept
number of people/animals/crop
region can support without degradation
key concept
in analysis of potential environment impacts of tourism
Sustainable Tourism
sustainable tourism development
envisaged as leading to management of all resources
in such a way that economic, social & aesthetic needs can be fulfilled
while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes & biological diversity & life support systems
meet needs of present tourists & host regions while protecting & enhancing opportunities for future (UNWTO)
tourism become apparent > concern about quality of environment & future of tourism industry begin to emerge
focus > alternative forms of tourism & improved environmental practice
aka responsible tourism
Serviced Accommodation (Hotels)
provides accommodation & ancillary services to people away from home
Urban Hotels
aka city hotels
central and accessible locations
specialise in biz, conference & exhibitions
premium prices on weekdays
selling to bizmen
weekend capacity > short break leisure travellers
at significant lower prices than weekday rates (staycation)
examples: Pan Pacific, Conrad, Fullerton
Boutique Hotels
difference
provides exceptional and personalized level of service
furnished in themed, stylish and/or aspirational manner
adopt niche marketing strategy
appeals to certain target market
eg. The Scarlet, Hotel Soloha, Warehouse Hotel
Airport Hotels
targets > flight crews, transit passengers, affected by flight irregularities
challenging period > weekends & holiday period
diversified by catering for weddings, offering weekend packages, targeting MICE market
examples: The Crowne Plaza Changi Airport, YOTEL AIR Changi
Hub & Spoke System
used to simplify network of flight route
make it more efficient
done to avoid operating large aircraft short
uneconomic routes
like bicycle wheel
strong central hub
series of connecting spokes
hub
centralized point of operation
local flight act as spokes > feed passengers to hub
Types of trip
Round Trip
origin to destination with return to origin
using same route & airline
eg. SG to seoul then seoul to SG
Circle Trip
similar to round trip
difference
either outbound/return will follow diff route/airline
eg. SG to Seoul in SQ, Seoul to SG in Korean Air
One way
origin to destination > no return to origin
eg. SG to London
Open-jaw trip
contains surface/non-air segment
eg. SG to seoul then drive/train (non-air) to busan
Meeting guests' expectation
menu design
place settings
plate presentation
style of service
Distribution Process
Intermediaries
role
bring travelling public & tourism service suppliers together
why use
aka middle man
common type: travel agent/tour operators
Thomas Cook > organised and conducted first mass tour in 1841
do not own services/goods they provide
save time & money > work w many biz
need for travel intermediaries
when people travel > need whole range of services
services include airline tickets, car rentals, accommodation, place to eat/shop/admissions & info about things to do/see
make services avail to large number of potential customers in a cost effective way
functions
perform variety of value-adding functions
provide info about types & availability of service offerings
contacting current & potential customers
making reservations & other travel arrangements
assembling services to meet customer needs
prepare tickets and/or provide confirmation
provide extensive marketing data to tourism suppliers thru databases containing targeted consumer behvaiour info
reduce cost of acquiring new cust
encouraging repeat us of supplier channels
marketing excess inventories
risk taking by buying/booking large quantities of services in advanced then reselling them to individuals & groups
goal of service provider
bring services to travellers
to satisfy need
Distribution Channel
platform to bring service provides & travellers tgt
comprise system/activities to facilitate movement of services from provide (supplier) to consumer(traveller)
Why tourism service suppliers use intermediaries
distribute product
allow supplier to sell more of products
3 types of distribution channels
one-level
simplest form of distribution
aka direct channel
supplier deal with traveller directly
no intermediaries
Information Communication Technologies (ICTS)
brings service suppliers & customers tgt
airlines > most aggressive service suppliers in attempting to expand marketing efforts thru direct channel
eg. Singapore Airlines, via website/call centre, accorhotels, silkair, easyhotel
tourism service suppliers
accommodation
F&B
Attractions
transportation
three level
another layer
consolidator
special combination of wholesaler & retailer
perform unique tourism distribution functions
buy excess inventory of unsold airline tickets > sell at discounted prices
internet > provides consolidator with more opportunities to sell inventories
eg. cheaptickets, lastminute
meeting planners
aka incentive/event/convention planners
employed by corporations, associations
main function > detailed planning of biz meetings, incentive travels, conventions, exhibitions (MICE)
eg. all members of Singapore Association of Convention & Exhibition Organizers & Suppliers (SACEOS)
destination management companies (DMC)
locally based companies
provide ground handling services for destination
sell destination to overseas meeting planners
"expert" of destination
services included
translation
airport meet & greet
transfers
car rental
tours
eg. East West Planners, Tour East Group, Pacific World, World Express
tour operator
dual distribution
to reach diff type of customers
aka indirect channel
involve many same activities & characteristics found in 2 level
Positive Economic Impact
National Income
measure in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP > market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time
tourism > lead to high GDP > stimulates economic activity (rent for landowner, wages, interest for loans)
3 component affect contributions of tourists
number of tourists
length of stay (stay longer = spend more)
average expenditure (tourism receipts)
Employment
direct
job created as a result of visitor expenditure
directly supporting tourism activity
tour guides, hotel staff, chef
indirect
job created within tourism supply sector
not as direct result of tourism activity
eg. taxi drivers, entrepreneurs, food supplies, laundry services
Induced
jobs created as a result of tourism expenditure
as local residents spend money earned from tourism
healthcare, security(police etc)
Multiplier Effect
money spent by tourists > respent (circulated) by recipients
money multiplies as new purchasing power is added
factor > value of tourist's spending increased in process
multiplier = 1 divide by proportion of leakages
effect continues until money 'leaks' from economy through imports (purchase goods from other countries)
respent outside of local economy
reasons for leakage
money spent on importing goods/services to meet needs of tourists. eg. petrol for bus, payment to overseas travel agency
remittance of profits abroad for foreign owned tourism supplier (eg.hotel companies)
remittance of wages by expatriates (helper)
Others
economic diversity (provides wide variety of job possibilities > entry to professional level)
economic incentive > improve infrastructure (can be enjoyed by local and tourists)
opportunities to be entrepreneurial & start small tourism business eg. retail shop, restaurants, guide/taxi services
Social/Cultural Impact
Host Community
community that tourist is visiting
local residents > share facilities & services with visitors
made up of 4 resources
local residents
infrastructure
economic systems
natural resources
Tourist Host Encounters
Cultural Impacts
non material customs (eg dance, folklore, traditions)
material customs (eg. crafts & products)
acculturation
Social Impacts
Individuals & Social relations
linguistic/dialect issues
health issues
religious practice
moral standards
Positive
visitor & locals > learn about each other, similarities/differences
become aware of new tastes & ways of thinking > lead to higher tolerance between hosts & tourists
attainment of "critical mass" of interest necessary to maintain viability of a host community culture (eg.native arts and crafts)
improved standard of living & greater educational opportunities
esp for women
young people in less developed countries
preserve region;s historical & natural sites
eg workshops offered by Kim Choo Kueh Chang
Negative
tourist > cause overcrowding
bring unfamiliar behavior to host community
may lead to resentment by locals when they have to share facilities/resources
Trends in tourism
Solo Travel
Past 5 years, Luxury Escapes > see huge spike in this mode
Esp for female
75% of company solo traveller client > opt for route of booking prearranged tour
Allow traveller to spend time alone while meeting new people
challenges >step out of comfort zone
131% increase in google search between 2016 to 2019
No. 1 trend on klook in 2019
84% > female
Make up 11% of travel market
59% will travel alone againin next 12 months
26% cited reason > simply be w themselves and explore new place
71% visit Australia (#1 destination)
Bleisure
Trend > biz traveller extending work trip for leisure purposes
not new but increasingly common
companies> use as incentive to retain staff (provide work-life balance)
Impt trend bc involve higher spend & longer stay when traveller bring fam/partner along
Younger worker (millennial) tend to be more keen
Eco Travel
Defined > responsible to natural areas > conserve environment and sustain well being of locals
reflects growing concern among travellers for ethical & sustainable tourism option
Include simple changes (availability to carbon credits when booking flight/rent electric instead of conventional vehicle
Might include > volunteer element/working on nature reserve/engage conservation work
Local Experience
Tourist want to engage with & participate in local culture
from enjOying local cuisine to celebrating regional festivals/holidays > local experience set to become top tourist trends to watch
eg visiting Japan during major festival/rent formal japanese clothes & consuming regional delicacies while engaging traditional games/cultural activities
Long stay with host family to learn more about culture
ancillary = assisting services
F&B, in- room dining, concierge, bell, door/room attendant, laundry, dry cleaning, secretarial, travel desk, money exchange etc.
Concierge
uniformed employee
has own separate desk at lobby/special concierge floor
role > serve guests & assists with range of services
booking musical tickets
reservation at restaurant
special request > purchase flower for bday
available in full service, upscale hotels
professional association: Les Clefs D'or (lay clay door)
the Golden Keys
3000 members in over 50 countries
members distinguished by gold keys on lapels
Executive/Club Floors
hotel floor > provides superior service & security
at premium prices
aka concierge floor
popular with biz travellers
Water-based Transport
Cruises
small scale, specialist ships
take niche market to Antartica, Galapagos Islands
gigantic mass-entertainment ships (act as destination itself)
eg. Royal Caribbean International, Star Cruises, Carnival Cruise
River Cruise
industrial heritage based on canals & inland waterways
leisure & recreation market developed based on boats
designed to use former canals/waterway previously developed to serve transport needs of former era
eg. ChaoPhraya/Singapore River Cruise
speed & low cost of transporting goods > influence locations of population near navigable water
Airline Service/Language
Nonstop flight
no intermediate stop
Direct/Through Flight
1 or more intermediate stop
Connecting Flight
require > change planes to connecting flight
between point of origin & final destination
Emerging Gaming Segments
High Rollers
sophiscated gamblers
gamers tend to be older, wealthy, male
prefer skill than luck
Day tripper
retirees dominate segment
make short trips to operations within easy driving distance
bet relatively significant amount per trip
tend to play slot & vid games (games of luck)
Low stakes/new adopters
include aging baby boomers & retiree parents
have time & money to enjoy entertainment associated
younger female who play vid games & X generation
Attractions & Destination Planning
most effectively when clustered together
provide critical mass with appeal
eg. Marina bay
site of attraction
Merlion Park
Esplanade
Singapore Flyer
MBS
GBTB
Barrage
Host
River Hongbao Festival
iLight
MB NYE Countdown
DBS Marina Regatta
consequences of tourism on culture
acculturation
process > members of host community adopt beliefs & behaviors of another group (outsider)
tends to manifest itself, over time/years
cultural changes > result from tourism
eg nepal > obvious westernization of kathmandu as result of tourism
demonstration effect
rural communities & cultures adopt 'western' style that they observed in tourists through demonstration & interaction
problem in lower income destinations
local residents view foreign tourist as "wealthy" & "in possession" of all good things in life, encourages to imitate
result > envy & resentment from locals
increase in crimes eg theft
young people in poorer region(farming areas) may move to city for tourism jobs (higher paying) and may cause rift in family ties
displacement
various instances > local moved away from place of residence > make way for tourism development
aka spatial displacement
eg land > use for construction of hotels/golf courses
Non-Serviced Accommodation
Timeshares
eg Condominiums
idea of owning timeshares (vacation/fractional ownership)
esp in resort location
appealing > travellers who plan their travel activities in advanced
wants to be assured of accommodation at set times & in specific location
flexibility
ability to swap occupancy rights with owners at different locations
destination & week of year > vary in popularity
eg. RCI (timeshare exchange), Marriott Vacation Club
Features affecting Consumer Choice
Location
primary consideration (biz vs leisure travel, urban vs resort hotel)
Facilities
restaurant, meeting facilities, leisure facilities
Image
formality & how it is presented to market
type of service provided
personal attention
speed
efficiency of staff
price charged
influenced by factors above
season
market segment
Land Based Transport
Rail
passenger rail service
origins in europe
in 1825
rail corridors to
connect major gateways(airports/ports) of country
to final destinations
mode of transit to accommodation in nearby city
rapid transit systems & metro > travel within urban areas
local rail services outside urban areas
used during peak hours
to/from mainline/intercity rail terminals
high/non high speed intercity rail corridors
facilitate movement as part of itinerary/city to city journey
also serve remote communities in tourist season for scenic sightseeing & special interest travel
eg. Japan Railways Group - Shinkasen (Bullet Train), AMTrak- serves 46 states in USA, Eurail cooperation of 28 European Railway companies, Qinghai Tibet Train aka Lhasa Express, Sightseeing trains operated by tourist attractions
Road
dominant mode with air travel
travel related services
taxi
transfers between places
private cars
provide comfortable journey experience
go place not reachable by other means
Car rental
agencies rent automobile for short period
ranging from few hours to few weeks
organised with numerous local branches
allow user return vehicle at different location
eg. Avis, Hertz, Alamo
Coach & Bus
express scheduled coach services (domestic & international)
private hire for group travel
packaged tours on coach
urban/rural services to tourist locations
airport taxi/shuttle services
excursion, day trip, sightseeing tours
eg. transtar, aeroline,myexpressbus
Air Transport
Categories of Civil Aviation
Scheduled Traffic
operate to clearly defined published timetable
irrespective of whether flight is full or not
Chartered Traffic
chartered by 3rd party
may be a seat broker who sell smaller blocks of seats to small tour operators
or large tour operator who requires whole aircraft for summer/winter season's flying
International Organizations
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
government
sets standards & practices
relating to international air navigation
& development of international air transport
ensure safe & orderly growth
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Association of world's airlines
support airline activity
helps formulate industry policy & standards
Types of Service
Full Service Carriers (FSC)
multi class cabins
first
biz
premium economy
economy
provision of "reasonable seat pitch
pre flight seat assignment
meals, drinks, in-flight entertainments, c/i lugg included in fare
Low Cost Service Airlines (LCC)
high density seating
seat assignment, meals, drinks, inflight entertainment, c/i lugg @ extra charge
Attractions & Entertainment
Attractions
natural location /objects/constructed facilities
have special appeal to both tourist & local visitors
permanent
Classification
Heritage attractions
exist to preserve past/present
for future
often non profit
but more for profit arising > bc of increased interest in attraction
Museums, historic sites, parks etc
Commercial Attraction
can be heritage
eg. amusement parks, theme parks, gaming, shopping
exist to make profit
Tourist look for
Authenticity
true
original
natural
real
Experiential
hands-on
interactive
appeals to 5 senses
can sample
Live Entertainment
eg. sporting activities
performing arts
Gaming
Casino gaming
experienced explosive growth in popularity
availability across USA & Canada
Las Vegas > world's biggest gambling centre before macau
Shopping
Entertainment
temporary
fairs
festivals
include variety of activities, sights & live entertainment venues
Social/Cultural Impacts
host community
community that tourist is visiting
local residents share facilities & services with visitors
made up of 4 resources
local residents
economic system
natural resources
infrastructure
Tourist-Host Encounters
Cultural Impacts
material customs eg. crafts & products
acculturation
Non material customs eg. dance, folklore, traditions
social impacts
individuals and social relations
linguistic/dialect issues
health issues
religious practice
moral standard
Political Impacts
Role of Government in Tourism
govt devote scarce funds > promotion & development of tourism
revenues > boosted by taxing goods & service bought by visitor
shifts portion of tax burden > from local residents > tourists
tourism may influence govt to make favorable decisions on land use for tourism facilities/ visa-related matters (visa waiver, visa on arr etc)
political tug of war > arise over decisions concerning tourism development (differing objectives of govt, local residents, biz owners)
Tourism Policy & Planning
planning involves
predicting future
setting objectives to attain future outcomes
outlining & implementing actions needed to attain objectives
govt (national/state/provincial/local) formulate tourism policy > aid guiding development of sustainable tourism industry in jurisdiction
should provide > destination vision
defined as inspirational portrait of ideal future
hope to bring about in some defined future (5,10,20years etc)
Environmental Impact
Negative
loss of natural habitat & effects on wild life
animals, birds etc forced to leave habitat bc of tourists
pollution
intro of harmful materials into environment
eg air, water, land pollution(littering)
loss of spirit (ambience, atmosphere)
religious place > compromised after tourists visits (no longer peaceful & quiet)
overcrowding & traffic congestion
tourists @ popular destination > leads human and vehicle overcrowding
wear & tear
damage by users, eg. mountain bikers, off road vehicles to nature reserve
Positive
Conservation
of redundant and/or historic buildings for alternative uses
eg shophouses in SG turned to hipster cafes
Enhancement of local environment
infrastructure (eg roads and toilets are built)
protection of wildlife
rules > in place to protect wildlife in nature reserves
fees > imposed for all visitors when visiting
to protect wildlife & preserve flora fauna
Factors affecting Future Tourism
Factors outside our control
Demographic Changes
Economic changes
growing household affluence
rich elite rising & growing middle class > driving outbound tourism
global security & safety
eg terrorism > make world less safe for travl
security concerns > huge impact on tourism demand
eg bali bombing, london attacks
destination > stay vigilant > help reduce global threat of terrorism
environmental changes (climate change)
growing debate > sustainability
eg global warming, climate change, pollution (key issues)
eg great barrier reef disappearing? venice sinking? taj mahal losing shine?
technological changes
Factors within our control
development, design & nature of destinations
sustainability of tourism
quality issues
Demographic Changes
Asian Millennial Traveller
Differ by country
chinese > biggest spender, clear preference for "big name" destination
indians >2nd in terms of spending per trip, choose cheaper accommodation, spend more on flight & food
indonesia > choose budget airlines & accommodation, take impulse hols if right deal is offered
SG > seek deals, not bc budget but desire to get most "bang for their buck"
desire flexible travel & value autonomy and control
want to be able to do what they want when they want
dont like to be forced into highly regimented, 'military style' schedules (eg wake up calls)
SG > desire most control, indo least
thrive on gathering as much info as possible
refer to online sources, travel reviews & social networking site
also rely on traditional sources eg magazines, newspaper, travel agent
exhibit distinct lack of brand loyalty
high brand awareness, low brand loyalty
price, convenience & etc > play impt role in determining choice
biggest changes that will occur > growth of 'new' market segments
Mature Traveller
aka senior/silver haired market
impt segment bc of their affluence & ability to travel @ anytime of the year
refer > middle age (55yo and above)
explosion in number in industrialized countries (more developed)
use of computer > source of travel info & transactions
vacations > include healthy food, exercise, intellectual stimultation & great outdoors
doing rather than seeing
new destinations that offer diff things to experience & learn
travel with children & grandchildren - extended family getaways
Millennial Traveller
born between 1981 & 1995
approx 60% reside in Asia
orginate from china/india
driven by income growth > expected to spending to increase by 1.6x to 340 million by 2020 on international travel
educated consumer
digital natives
first truly global generations
brought tgt by internet
puts in time & "know-how"
conduct extensive research before making purchases
big on individuality & self expression
seek > authentic, word of mouth info through same channels (not just family & friends but also online reviews, blogger)
hub
hub
spokes
spoke city
spokes
spokecity
spokes
spoke city
Singapore Airlines (Service Suppliers)
Via Website/call centre
Reach Customers
Andaz Singapore (Service Supplier)
Luxury Travel (travel agency)
Customers
louvre museum (service supplier)
insight vacations (tour operator)
jetabout holidays (travel agency)
customers
selling to fill rooms > perishable