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Chief Complaint: 60 year old woman with DMII and obese, experiencing a…

- - - - Atriums (Left and Right)
      - Ventricles (Left and Right
  - - - Tricuspid Valve
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Pulmonary SemiLunar Valve
        
        Pulmonary Trunk
        
        Pulmonary Arteries 2x
        
        Lungs
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Open- When the ventricles contract, it the force of the blood pushes the SL valves to open and enters the atrial trunks
      - Close- the SL valves close when the ventricles relax and the pressure in the ventricles becomes less than the pressure in an atrial trunk. The closure of the SL valves prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles.
      - Due to ageing, the elasticity and flexibility will weaken causing a blood flow disruption. A heart murmur may be detected.
    - - Open-- the cusps of the valve will extend into the ventricles. It allows blood to move from the atriums to the ventricles
      - Close -- the cusps of the AV valve prevents backflow of blood back into the atrium.
      - Associated with papillary's assistance to secure the cusp from inverting into the atriums.
    - - will secure the tendinous cords that attach to the lower surface of each AV valve cusp, preventing the valves inversion or prolapse these valves on systole.
  - - - Lubb (S1 sound) represents the closing of the AV valves
      - Dupp (S2 sound) represents the closing of the SL valves
  - - - During inhalation, pressure in the abdominal region increases while pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases.
        
        These pressures act upon the veins passing through theses regions
        
        Blood flows toward the heat as it moves pressure in thoracic region and right atrium.
        
        It is reversed during exhaling, backflow in the veins is prevented by the valves.
  - - - Diastolic pressure x 1/3 Pulse Pressure
        
        lower than 60mm Hg may indicate insufficient blood flow.
        
        very high MAP could indicate the delivery of too large of blood flow to body tissues with the possibility of causing edema in the tissues
        
        could also be a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis
  - - - Determined by three factors: Autonomic activity: sympathetic activity constricts peripheral arteries.
- - - - Age
        
        Papillary muscles tend to weaken through aging
      - Weight
        
        Since she is obese, her heart may have to work harder to push the blood through out the body causing a strain in the heart.
        
        Higher chance of Atherosclerosis. When plaque builds up in the walls of arteries and narrows them, blood has less room to travel through.
      - Diabetes Mellitus Type II
        
        Abnormal lipid (cholesterol) levels. High levels of LDL cholesterol may lead to narrowing and hardening of the arteries which can impede blood flow from the heart to all the parts of the body.
        
        Heart disease risk is elevated with this level of belly fat because it tends to increase levels of LDL (bad cholesterol) and the particular type of blood fat that may be deposited inside your blood vessel walls.
- - - - Mitral valve regurgitation can be caused by problems with the mitral valve, also called primary mitral valve regurgitation. Diseases of the left ventricle can lead to secondary or functional mitral valve regurgitation.
        
        Endocarditis. The mitral valve may be damaged by an infection of the lining of the heart (endocarditis) that can involve heart valves.
        
        Heart attack. A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve, affecting the function of the valve. If the damage is extensive enough, a heart attack can cause sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation.
        
        Damaged tissue cords. Over time, the tissue cords that anchor the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear, especially in people with mitral valve prolapse. A tear can cause leakage through the mitral valve suddenly and may require repair by heart surgery. Trauma to the chest also can rupture the cords.
        
        Mitral valve prolapse. In this condition, the mitral valve's leaflets bulge back into the left atrium during the heart's contraction. This common heart defect can prevent the mitral valve from closing tightly and lead to regurgitation.
        
        Atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a common heart rhythm problem that can be a potential cause of mitral valve regurgitation.
    - - Respiratory System
        
        Pulmonary hypertension. If you have long-term untreated or improperly treated mitral regurgitation, you can develop a type of high blood pressure that affects the vessels in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension). A leaky mitral valve can increase pressure in the left atrium, which can eventually cause pulmonary hypertension. This can lead to heart failure on the right side of the heart.
      - Urinary System
        
        When you have heart disease, your heart may not pump blood in the right way. Your heart may become too full of blood. This causes pressure to build in the main vein connected to your kidneys, which may lead to a blockage and a reduced supply of oxygen rich blood to the kidneys. This can lead to kidney disease.
      - Nervous System
        
        Dysautonomia
        
        A dysfunction of the nerves that regulate nonvoluntary body functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating.