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Tissues and Primary Growth of Stems (external organization of stems…
Tissues and Primary Growth of Stems
Concepts
Angeosperms
flowering plants
Eudicots
.
"herbs"
leaves
roots
stems
#
adaptation/mutations
natural selection
broadleaf
asters
maplles
roses
Basal angeosperms
magnolias
laurels
waterlillies
Monocots
grasses
lilies
cattails
palms
philodendrons
bromeliads
Magnoliophyta
basic types of cells and tissues
Parenchyma
#
Cells
only thin primary walls
cheap metabolically
most common cell
constitute "soft" parts
leaves
petals
fruits
seeds
tissue
most common tissue
Specialization
chlorenchyma
photosynthesis
chloroplasts
pigmented cells
thin cell wals
light translucent
light absorption
glandular cells
characteristics
many
dictyosomes
ER
few
Chloroplasts
transport
sugars
minerals
in
Transform metabolically
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Transfer cells
short distance transport
extensive plasma membrane
ingrowths
ridges
increased surface area
knobs
long distance transport
Phloem
cell death at maturity
stamen
releasing pollen
some fruits
releasing seeds
Collenchyma
thin primary cell walls
primary cell walls become thicker in corners
plasticity
elongating shoot tips
flexible
ex. Vining plants
susceptible to wilting
long
found
located next to vascular bundle
bands
just under epidermis
areas
young pedioes
increased metabolic cost
#
compared to parenchyma
shoot tips
not found in root tips
soil provides support
stretchable
Schlerenchyma
characteristics
primary cell wall
secondary cell wall
elastic
lignified
pits
pit pairs
water proof
can develop from parenchyma cells
in mature organs
give durrability
elastic support
cell types
fibers
long
wood
flexible
alive
Sclereids
short
brittle
inflexible
impenetrable
hard
forms
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less isodiametric
xylem
internal organization of stems
Epidermis
outermost surface of herbaceous stem
internal exchange
environment
plant
single layer of parenchyma cells
prevents water loss
barrier against invasion
bacteria
fungi
insects
stomata
stomal pore
exit for O2
entrance of CO2
guard cells
open
swell w H2O
close
night
tricomes/ Hairs
epidermal cells
elongate outwards
multicellular
unicelliar
protection
animals
sunlight
diffusion
immobile air
near leaf
secretory glands
antiherbivore compounds
salts
irritating compounds
stinging nettle
digestive enzymes
carnivorous plants
Cortex
interior to epidermis
complex
specialized cells
secrete
mucilage
pitch(resin)
latex
simple
photosynthetic parenchyma
collenchyma
compact
cortex parenchyma
aerenchyma
air space
bouyancy
aquatic plants
fleshy
corms
succulents
tubers
vascular tissue
xylem
conducts water and minerals
tracheary element
vessel element
sclerenchyma
wide
short
ends flat (usually)
secondary wall
angular thickening
helical thickening
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rings
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tracheid
long
narrow
ends pointed
obtain water from lower tracheids
pit membrane
surrounds pit
sclerids
fibers
phloem
distributes sugar and minerals
sieve elements
sieve cells
parenchyma cells
narrow
ends pointed
long
associated w. albuminous cells
all non angiosperm vascular plants
sieve tube members
short
wide
usually ends flat
controlled by companion cells
angiosperms only
stacked
sieve tube
differentiation
plasmodesmata enlarge
sieve pore
cluster together
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vascular bundles
interior of cortex
angeosperms
pith
eudicots
dicots
scattered
colateral
xylem
run lateral
primary phloem
phloem
primary zylem
external organization of stems
nodes
leaf attachment
internode
region between nodes
variation
long
vines
"exploration
attachment
support
and thin
stolons
"exploration"
growth
short
lettuce
cabage
onion
wide
asparagus
narrow
alfalfa
shoots
bulbs
thick fleshy leaves
daffodils
garlic
onions
accumulate starch
stems
corms
thick
stem
vertical
papery leaves
ex
crocus
gladiolus
ribosomes
fleshy
horizontal
subterranean spreading
potatoes
tubers
horizontal
nutrient storage
bamboo
irises
canna
lilies
trunk
vertical
main shoot
leaf axil
stem are above pt. of leaf attachent
houses
auxillary bud
young leaves
dormant apical meristem
miniature shoot
types
vegitative
branch
floral
flower(s)
covered with
bud scales
modified leaves
corky
small
waxy
protects
terminal bud
extreme tip of stem
phyllotaxy
leaf arrangement on stem
alternate
leaves one per node
opposite
leaves two per nide
decussate
leaves located in four rows
Whorled
three or more leaves per node
spiral
leaves no aligned w nearest neighbor
Distichious
leaves located in two rows
cell growth and differentiation
#
#
apical meristem
shoot
mitosis
progenitor cells
cytokinesis
subapical meristem
below apical meristem
protoxylem
metaxylem
largest tracheary elements
first xylem
protophloem
metaphloem
closest to metaxylem
identical
:
parenchyma usage
stem adaptation
cell differentiation process
metabolic cost