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geography (geographical concepts (place
places are parts of the…
geography
geographical concepts
place
- places are parts of the earth's surface that are identified and given meaning by people, can be as small as your bedroom or as large as the entire planet
- natural or built
- the environment and social qualities of a place
all influence the way we live
- for indigenous Australians, place also has a spiritual meaning. their sense of identity comes from their relationships with place
- geographers use the concept of place to help understand why people originally settled there, how the city was built and how it changes over time.
- just as place influences people, people influences places. the ways in which we live, and the actions we take change the place in which we live
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space
to most people space means the empty universe but to geographers it has a different meaning. geographers investigate the way that things are mapped and arranged on the earth's surface. the concept of space helps them to do this by it's three main elements:
- location: where things are located on the earth's surface
- spatial distribution: the shape and pattern in which things are arranged on the earth's surface
- organisation: how and why things are arranged and manages on the earth's surface by people
- the concept of the space and place can be difficult to separate but it will help you remember that places can be divided into space
environments
- the world in which we live in is made up of many different environments, some natural others cultural
- today there are very few truly natural places left on earth
- human environments not only affect the natural features but can also affect the climate
- the study of different environments help geographers to analyse the changes humans make in natural environments and better appreciate their impact so that they can be managed more wisely
interconnection
- the links between people and places and how these interconnections affect the environment and the way we live
- natural processes link places and people. like when the water cycle links the water in the ocean with the land it brings rain to inland areas which farmers rely on for natural links to proved the water they need to grow food.
- links between places and people can affect the way people live in return, the way people live can affect places. a small change in one area can have a great impact on a connected area.
- places and people are also linked by human activities like movement of people, use of internet, the production and trade of goods and flow of money between different countries
sustainability
- developing ways to ensure that the Earth's resources are used and managed responsibly so they can be maintained for the future generations. resources like coal, oil and natural gases which are non-renewable.
- actions to improve the earth's sustainability can operate on a number of levels
- local: recycling paper by individuals
- national: encouraging sustainable use of energy like promoting solar panels
- international- promoting responsible and environmentally viable fishing practices around the world
change
- helps us understand what is happening around us and to see the world as a dynamic place
- change in both space and time allows geographers to examine how environments develop, transfer or disappear
- change can be the result of natural forces - climate, earthquakes, volcanoes and running water over millions of years
- it could also be caused by human activity, like buildings, or clearing a forest for a farm land
- can be on a global or local scale. local, changes that happen quickly like storms and are easy to observe and explain. regional or national changes, bush fires, earthquakes, can happen quickly and with a widespread effect, impacting places and people
- can be positive or negative
scale
- thinks that take place on a different spatial levels, from small places to a very large area. explanations and outcome at different levels:
- local scale: electricity consumption in your neighbourhood
- regional scale: coral bleaching on the great barrier reef
- national scale: frequency of extreme weather events across Australia
- international scale: droughts in Africa are due to unreliable rain
-global scale: reduction in Arctic sea ice. rising temperature throughout the world
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food security
- the availability of food
- key terminology
- extended answers - food crisis by 2050
- advances in food technology/production
food must be:
- accessible
- nutritious
- safe
affordable
Salinity
- A condition where the amount of salt causes problems in the soil and impacts the environments. The two types of soil salinity are:
- Primary salinity- which is natural condition that develops in the landscape over time
- primary salinity - which is natural condition that develops in the landscape over time
- Secondary salinity – which is caused by human impact
• Due to over watering
• Makes soil infertile with increased level in salt in soil which can lead to crop failure
degradation
- the process of wearing down soil and rock, occurring due to human activities impact on the soil's ability to support animals and plants
- like deforestation ( the action of clearing a wide area of trees) which can lead to more carbon in the atmosphere which contributes to climate change which affects food security in a numerous amount of ways
statistics of food security:
- the average Australian family wastes about 40% of food
- one in five Australian kids go hungry sometimes
- one third of all food grown world wide is wasted
- Australians waste a monetary value of $8 billion on food each year.
- the average house hold throws out the monetary value of 1036 each year
- food wastage represents a missed opportunity to improve food security and comes at a steep environmental cost
- when food is disposed of in a landfill it rots and becomes a significant source or methane, a potent greenhouse gas with 21 times as much the global warming potential as carbon dioxide.
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globalisation
the increasing interconnection between countries, including economic, political and cultural exchange between countries all over the world
global trade connections
today, trade among nations is valued at an estimated 18 trillion a year and many households now have numerous items manufactured from over seas. international trade also links people and places around the world. the production of these connections rely on:
- pipelines transporting gases, oil and water a total distance of about 2 million kilometres
- approximately 6000 planes in the air right now
- more than 1 million kilometres of railway track
- approximately 17 000 cargo ships crossing the world’s seas and oceans
the global flow of trade
- exports and imports have an immense economic value for countries and the supply of trade taking place among countries is expanding every year.
for several decades, countries such as Germany, The United States and Japan simultaneously account for about one quarter of all exports and dominate international trade. although, with swift grown in emerging economies, especially in India, Brazil and china. while Australia is ranked the 21st in the list of the world's biggest exporters with accounting for about 1.5% of global trade.
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biofuels
definition:
- Fuels made from organic materials rather than fossil substances are known as biofuels
- usually made from plant materials with high levels in starch, oil and sugar
how does it affect food security?
- land that is situated on edges of arable lands, is likely to be converted to a biofuel farms but it is also land that is home to many farmers trying to feed their families. not only is non-ethical with land conflict where food produces are being pushed out or evicted it will also give less land for produce which will lead to a decline in accessibility.
- Explain: deforestation leads to increased carbon in the atmosphere which rises global temperatures
evidence:
- 15% of Brazil's energy comes from biofuel produce
palm oil
issue
- climate change
- deforestation
- farmers who live there can't produce food with deforestation
- degradation
evidence
- biodiesel is made from imported palm oil and releases three times the greenhouse gas emissions of fossil fuels
- 3 billion people in 150 countries consume palm oil
- 3.5 billion to 7 billion trees are cut down each year for palm oils
solutions
- sustainable productions like the round table on sustainable palm oil, RSPO
- 21% of the global supply of palm oil is now certified as responsible and sustainable
climate change
- the term climate change refers to long-term changes in weather events and patterns worldwide.
- typically increasing temperatures
- include rising global temperatures and changes
- the increase of global temperatures
- Can cause more droughts and floods which is harmful for crops
- over the last hundred years the temperatures have increased by 1.5 Fahrenheit
- the weather patterns have changes which could affect crops
- sea levels are rising which can decrease our space for farming
impact: melting glacier
explain:
- can cause increased floods which can damage and result in loss of crops
- causing elevated prices and decline in affordability
evidence
- 2010 to 2011 - Queensland floods resulted in a loss of produce worth $2.4 billion
impact: drier/less rain
explain:
- crop failure: degradation
- desertification- reduces the soil's ability to support life and crops
- less land able to farm causing a reduction in availability
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Grid References
four grid references: area grid references
- to locate a particular square, locate the bottom left-hand corner. the eastings line is the vertical line and the northings line is the horizontal line. Easting first, northings number after
six grid references
- lines meet at bottom left
- in order to give something a six-figure grid reference, imagine a larger square split into one hundred smaller squares
- than add numbers 1 to 10 between the lines
- to work out the six figure grid reference, first go along the bottom line and calculate the first 3 figures
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Biomes
- a description of a area with similar plants, animals and climate
- animals and plants have adopted to their biome's climate and soil
- all plants and animals that live in a specific biome share alike characteristics with other plants and animals in the same biome
grasslands
- description: open and big spaces. trees can only be found near rivers and streams and bushes are limited. the grasslands are very important biomes because much of the world's food and fibre comes from the inhabitants of the grasslands. it is also home to many native and endangered animals. can be very dry or very wet, depending on location.
- location: every continent except Antarctica
- animals: there are many large herds of grazing animals who live in the grassland travel in herds for protection due to places to hide from predators
- plants: grasses like wheat and oats
tropical rain forest
- description: numerous varieties of exotic animals and plants with lush green and vibrant colours
- location: near the equator. South America, Asia, Pacific islands, Australia, New Zealand and Africa
- animals: rich in wildlife, and many of the inhabitants have had to adopt the wet environment and ferocious predators.
- the plants in tropical rain forests have adopted to the low nutrient soil and the heavy rain and is the biome where most of the common house plants come from.
desert
- description: exceptionally hot and dry ( less than 250 mm of rain a year). very limited amount of plants, usually located in the centre of a continent.
- location: near the equator. South America, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Pacific islands.
- animals: most of the animals are nocturnal to combat the severe heat and have adopted to the lack of water by searching for water in plants and seeds.
Plants:
- desert plants are adapted to collect and store water and reduce water loss. examples of desert plants are small bushes, short grass and cacti.
Boreal Forest
- description: filled with coniferous trees, typically cold and wet and is sometimes refered to as the coniferous forest. and has warm, humid summers and long, snowy winters
- locations: Europe, Canada, Asia and America
- animals: many of the animals adapt to the cold climate of the boreal forest by either migrating south or by merely trying to survive the harsh environments.
- plants: boreal forests are usally surrounded with coniferous-evergreen trees which make cones, these types of trees are narrow and grow close together. this is to keep them protected from the weather.
tundra
- description: cover 1/5 of the earth's surface and is the coldest climate. short growing seasons and no trees.
- locations: located in the south of the ice caps in the arctic, in North America,Europe and Siberia
- animals: some animals like polar bears have adapted to extreme environments by growing thicker fur which turns white in winter while others seek refuge in hibernation during the winter months
- plants: almost no trees due to short growing seasons and permafrost. consisting of plants like lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges and shrubs
Aquatic
- description:
- marine: most marine life exists closer to the surface and is made up of three zones that get colder and darker as the water get's deeper. saltwater regions of the Earth.
- fresh water: little or no salt in water, supports animals and some Aquatic plant life.
- coral reefs: often close to land, found in warmer waters and aquatic life that rely on coral ( such as fish)
- location: can be classified as fresh water or marine and covers about three-quarters of the Earth.
- plants and animals: most live in this environment for survival and consists of a huge variety of different plants and animals.
food security solutions
- improve irrigation
- reduce food waste
- expand agriculture - sustainability
- change diets
- new regions for agriculture
looking after the soil
- ,any farmers are now changing their techniques to minimise their impact on the soil's nutrients and structure by reducing ploughing, adding protective layers of organic materials, like mulch and growing plants that help return nutrients to the soil
water management
- measuring distribution of water not only conserves the resource but avoids over watering
high tech farming
- explain: precision farming, a new farming system which brings batter economic and environmental outcomes. Sensors collect large amount of data about the environment and is used by farmers to make decisions to improve crop yield
- evidence: 2100 farms have high tech methods
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