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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (Stem Growth and Differentiation…

- - - - Stems
      - Roots
      - Leaves
    - - Gave Selective Advantage
  - - - Became Taller
      - Stems Functioned as
        
        Primary transport
        
        Support Structures
  - - - Derived From
        
        Shoot Apical Meristem
        
        Root Apical Meristem
      - Composed of Primary Tissue
      - Constitutes Herbaceous Parts of Plant
      - Herb Consists of
        
        Only Primary Body
    - - Derived From
        
        Meristem Other than Apical Meristem
      - Composed of Secondary Tissue
        
        Wood
        
        Bark
      - Constitutes
        
        Bark Covered Parts of Plant
- - - - Stay Thin
    - - Mass of Parenchyma Cells
    - - Petals
      - Softs Leaves
      - Fruits
      - Seeds
    - - Chlorenchyma
        
        Involved in Photosynthesis
        
        Numerous Chloroplast
        
        Thin Cell Walls
      - Glandular Cells
        
        Secrete
        
        Nectar
        
        Fragrance
        
        Mucilage
        
        Resin
        
        Oils
      - Transfer Cells
        
        Short Distance Transport
        
        Extensive Plasma Membrane
        
        Capable of Large Scale Molecular Pumping
  - - - Thin in some areas
      - Thick In some areas
    - - Shoot tips
      - Young Petioles
    - - parenchyma cells
  - - - Thick
    - - Lignified
    - - Return to original size
    - - In mature Organs
    - - Very Strong
        
        Remain upright After Plant Death
    - - Plant Elongation
    - - Conducting Sclerenchyma
        
        Tracheids
        
        Lang and Narrow
        
        No perforation
        
        Dead at Maturity
        
        Vessel Elements
        
        Short and Wide
        
        Contain
        
        One or Two Perforation
        
        Dead at Maturity
        
        Most common in Flowering Plants
      - Mechanical Sclerenchyma
        
        Sclereids
        
        Often Dead at Maturity
        
        Fibers
        
        Long
        
        Many dead
        
        Alive
        
        Involved in Storage
- - - - Leaves attached
    - - Region between Nodes
        
        Can be
        
        Short
        
        long
    - - Above where leaf attaches
      - Axillary bud
        
        miniature shoot
        
        Dormant Apical Meristem
        
        Vegetative bud
        
        Grows into Branch
        
        Flora Bud
        
        Grows into Flower
        
        At end of stem is
        
        Terminal Bud
    - - Arrangement of leaves on stem
      - Alternate Phyllotaxi
        
        One leaf per node
      - Opposite Phyllotaxy
        
        Two leafs per node
      - Whorled Phyllotaxy
        
        Three or more leafs per node
      - Distichous Phyllotaxy
        
        Leaves arranged in two rows
      - Decussate Phyllotaxy
        
        Leaves arranged in four rows
      - Spiral Phyllotaxy
        
        Leaves not aligned with nearest neighbor
        
        Most common leaf arrangement
  - - - Short
      - Thick
      - Fleshy leaves
    - - Vertical
      - Thick stem
      - thin leaves
    - - Fleshy Horizontal stem
      - Spreads underground
    - - Similar to Rhizomes
      - Grow for short periods
      - Mainly store energy
- - - - Waxy protective coating
    - - opens to allow CO2 in
      - Lets oxygen out
    - - Provide Protection
      - Die at maturation
  - - - Photosynthetic parenchyma
      - Sometimes collenchyma
    - - Aerenchyma instead of parenchyma
  - - - Four or Five Cell layers
    - - Conducts
        
        Water
        
        Minerals
      - Treacheids
        
        Shape
        
        Ends pointed
        
        Long and Narrow
        
        Secondary wall #
        
        Annular
        
        Helical
        
        Scalariform
        
        Reticulate
        
        Circular boardered pit
        
        No perforation
      - Vessel elements
        
        Shape
        
        Short and wide
        
        Ends Usually Flat
        
        Secondary wall
        
        Annular
        
        Helical
        
        Scalariform
        
        Reticulate
        
        Circular board pits
        
        Perforated
    - - Distributes
        
        Sugar
        
        Minerals
    - - Sieve element
        
        Sieve Tube Members
        
        Made of parenchyma cells
        
        only primary walls
        
        Controlled by companion cell
        
        Shape
        
        Short and wide
        
        ends usually flat
        
        Sieve areas
        
        on side walls
        
        small
        
        on end walls
        
        very large
        
        associated cells
        
        companion cells
        
        plant division
        
        Angiosperm only
        
        Sieve Cells
        
        only primary walls
        
        Made of parenchyma cells
        
        Shape
        
        Lond and narrow
        
        Ends pointed
        
        Sieve areas
        
        Small
        
        located all over cell surface
        
        Associated cells
        
        Albuminous cell
        
        plant division
        
        All non-angiosperm Vascular plants
        
        Nuclei degenerate
        
        Cell stays alive
      - Conduct longitudinally
- - - - Mitosis
      - Cytokinesis
    - - subapical meristem
  - - - After elongation stopped
      - After protoxylem
  - - - Tracheids
      - Vessel elements
    - - Surrounding cells are still elongating
  - - - resulted from apcal meristem activity