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An elderly, 70-year-old, female patient recently retired from her long…

- - - - Gas exchange with capillaries occurs here
      - Tiny air sacs inside the lungs at the end of broncholes
      - Endpoint of the respiratory system
    - - Tubes in the lungs that branch off from larger Bronchi and connect to alveoli
      - Insures that incoming air is supplied to the alveolus
    - - Leads air that passes through the trachea to the bronchioles
      - Two separate branches in each lung
    - - Left
        
        Superior Lobe
        
        Inferior Lobe
        
        Cardiac Notch
      - Right
        
        Middle Lobe
        
        Inferior Lobe
        
        Superior Lobe
      - Spongy, air filled organs located on either side of the chest
    - - Also known as the windpipe
      - Leads from the mouth under the larynx down to the sternum and splits off into the two bronchial tubes in the lungs
    - - Serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs
      - line the cavity and the actual lungs, creating the pleural cavity
      - Cushions the lungs and reduces friction
    - - Dome shaped muscular partition separating the throax from the abdomen in mammals
      - Contraction leads to an increase in thoracic volume, allowing the lungs to expand
  - - - Inspiration
        
        The process that causes air to enter the lungs
      - Expiration
        
        Process that causes air to leave the lungs
        
        Passive process, energy isn't required
      - Intra-Alveolar Pressure
        
        The pressure of air within the alveoli
        
        Changes during the different phases of breathing
        
        interpulmonary pressure here always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
      - Pleural Pressure
        
        The pressure of air within the pleura cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae
        
        Always lower than the intra-alveolar pressure
      - Thoracic Wall Compliance
        
        The ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure
        
        Expansion of the thoracic cavity directly influences the ability of the lungs to expand
      - Differences in pressure drives air flow down a pressure gradient
  - - - PV = k
      - P=k/V
      - P1V1=P2V2
    - - Oxygen is in greater quantity externally, so it diffuses into the capillaries through the alveoli
      - Carbon monoxide is in greater quantity inside the capillaries, so it diffuses out
      - Movement of particles across a membrane from a higher to lower concentration
      - The paths of diffusion either oxygenate or deoxygenate the blood
    - - The difference in the concentration of a gas in a mixture of gasses in which the gas is at a high pressure in one location and low in another
      - Gas diffuses from higher to lower pressure down the gradient
      - Partial pressure of oxygen is greater externally than internally, so oxygen goes into capillaries
      - Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide is greater inside the capillaries, and leaves
- - - - Lung function and strength begins to decline with age
      - Aging muscles is something that occurs all over the body
      - Respiratory Muscle strength decreases with age
      - Impair effective cough which which is important for airway clearance
      - Older adults are more susceptible to respiratory failure do to the already high amount of stress on their lungs
      - If she goes untreated, due to her age, her lung functions are already weak and will continue to become even weaker being bombarded with so many different
    - - Higher altitude means lower atmospheric oxygen levels
      - Lower oxygen levels lead to the body trying to take in more, quicker
      - Hyperventilation occurs with fast shallow breaths
    - - Pneumonia
      - Many infections of the lungs can lead to pneumonia
      - Fluid filled lungs make it difficult for gas exchange to occur in the alveoli
      - Cannot directly get rid of the virus, but can alleviate the symptoms by removing fluid buildup
      - If left untreated, gas exchange will eventually slow substantially and she'll suffocate on her own lung fluid
- - - - Previously sea level
      - Moved to higher elevation
    - - Yes
      - Likely developed due to weakened immune system due to her age and sudden strenuous life factors
      - Symptoms
        
        Fast, shallow breathing
        
        Wet, wheezy cough
        
        Pneumonia
    - - 70 years old
    - - New locations means new viruses and microbes possibly not already introduced to the immune system
      - Old age also lowers immune function, making her more susceptible to infection
      - At higher elevations, there is less prominent oxygen levels
      - Lower oxygen levels means that it is harder for gas exchange in the lungs already
      - Fast breathing = hyperventilation
        
        Carbon Dioxide levels in the blood begin to drop due to an increase in oxygen intake
        
        Most likely due to the stress of moving to a place with lower oxygen levels
      - Wet, wheezy cough = pneumonia
        
        Fluid fills the alveoli
        
        Inflammation can occur in the bronchi
        
        Caused by the viral infection from exposure to foreign pathogens