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Respiratory System:70-year-old female moved from Fort Worth to Denver, CO.…

- - - - The Nose
        
        provides airway for respiration
        
        moistens and warms entering air
        
        filters and cleans inspired air
        
        serves as a resonating chamber for speech
        
        houses olfactory receptors
      - The Pharynx
        
        Nasopharynx- air passageway
        
        Oropharynx- both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through
        
        connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly
        
        Laryngopharynx- serves also as a passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium
    - - The Larynx
        
        Acts as a switching mechanism to route food and air into the proper channels
        
        Epiglottis
        
        voice production
        
        vocal cords vibrate producing sound as air rushes from the lungs
        
        Provides an open airway
      - The Trachea
        
        Windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum
        
        Mucosa- goblet cell containing pseudostratified epithelium
        
        Hyaline Cartilage - rings prevent it from collapsing and keep the airway open despite pressure changes during breathing
        
        Submucosa- connective tissue contains seromucous glands that help produce mucus
        
        Adventitia- outermost layer of the connective tissue
      - The Bronchi and Subdivisions
        
        The Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi
        
        Tertiary branch out to terminal bronchioles
        
        Once inside the lungs each main bronchus subdivides into secondary bronchi
        
        after the terminal bronchioles come the respiratory bronchioles
        
        respiratory zones begins
        
        lead to alveolar ducts
        
        The trachea divides to form the right and left primary bronchi
      - Alveoli
        
        3 major types of cells
        
        Type 2 alveolar cells- cuboidal epithelial cells. they create surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces. they reduce the surface tension of the alveolar fluid.
        
        Alveolar macrophages- consume bacteria, dust, and other debri
        
        Type 1 alveolar cells- squamous epithelial cells form alveolar walls
        
        surrounded by elastic fibers
        
        open alveolar pores
  - - - Intrapulmonary Pressure- is the pressure in the alveoli. rises and falls with the phases of breathing but it always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure
      - Intrapleural Pressure- pressure in the pleura cavity
      - Atmospheric Pressure- the pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
      - Transpulmonary pressure- is the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures
    - - Volume changes lead to pressure changes, and pressure changes lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure
      - Boyle's Law- relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
        P1V1= P2V2
      - consists of inspiration and expiration, is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
  - - - How much gas dissolves into a liquid depends on the solubility of the gas and the temperature of the liquid
      - CO2 is the most soluble. O2 is only 1/20 as soluble as CO2 . N2 is only half as soluble as O2
      - At any given partial pressure much more CO2 than O2 dissolves in the water, and practically no N2 goes into the solution
    - - At higher altitudes, partial pressures decline in direct proportion to the decrease in atmospheric pressure
      - When you move on a long term basis from sea level to the mountains, your body makes respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments via an adaptive response called acclimatization
- - - - increased age leads to decreased function of the lungs due to other illnesses present at that age (Diabetes, hypertension, heart and liver disease, and not getting your pneumonia shot)
    - - higher elevation results in ventilation increase as the brain attempts to restore gas exchange
      - increased ventilation also reduces arterial CO2 levels
    - - Her immune system will already be compromised and she will not be able to fight of the pneumonia
  - - - if they are untreated patient can go septic or go into respiratory distress both can be fatal.