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Fibre Optics (Applications (Industrial monitoring & measurement (Flow…
Fibre Optics
Applications
Environmental monitoring
Tunnel ventilation to monitor carbon dioxide
Industrial monitoring & measurement
Flow sensor
Vibration sensor
Smart Structure
Aeronautics
Buildings
Chemical sensing
pH sensor
Allowed modes
Single mode fibre (SMF)
One light mode only
Multi-mode fibre (MMF)
3 to 4 light modes
Attenuation
Transmission loss
The reduction of intensity of light across the distance travelled
Attenuation coefficient
Loss mechanisms
IR absorption due to interaction with molecular vibration
Rayleigh scattering due to composition fluctuation
UV absorption due to interaction of atomic electrons with radiation
External factors
Losses due to impurities
Other losses
Splices
Permanent joint
Terminations
Source-fibre coupling point
Connectors
Joints that be disconnected and remated
Non-linear scattering losses
Stimulated Brilloiun scattering
Stimulated Raman scaterring
Distortion
Definition
Optical pulses widen across the distance and thus overlap with neighboring pulses
Effect
Information error
Multimode step index (MMSI)
Very large pulse broadening
Multimode graded index (MMGI)
Large pulse broadening
Single mode step index (SMSI)
Small pulse broadening
Types of Distortion
Material dispersion
Waveguide dispersion
Modal dispersion
Polarization-mode dispersion
