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The Cardiovascular System Angelynn Torres Period 4 (Major arteries and…
The Cardiovascular System
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular system:
Blood
Hormones to cells throughout the body
Hormones are essential to body functions as they carry messages from endocrine organs to target organs
Transport of nutrients and oxygens to body cells
arterioles and capillaries deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones and proteins to all tissues of the body
Removal of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes
Protection: Prevent blood loss
Plasma proteins & platelets = clot formation
Prevents infection
Immunity: Antibodies, white blood cells, and proteins
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Respiratory gas transport
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Defense against disease
Heart
Transport system, pump blood, vessels are the delivery routes
Circulate oxygen and blood throughout body
Blood flow through the heart and body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Artery
Function
Carry blood away from the heart
carry oxygenated blood
Structure
Muscular tube lines by smooth tissue
Tunia externa, tunica media, tunica intima
Capillary
Structure
Smallest blood vessels
Thin walls - tunica intima & basement membrane
Fenestrated: Large pores that increase permeability
Sinusoid: Most permeable & occur in limited locations
Continuous: Least permeable & most common
Function
Exchange of materials between blood & interstitial fluid
carry blood between arteries and veins
Nutrients
Vein
Function
Carry blood toward heart
Usually carry deoxygenated blood
carry blood low in oxygen from the body back to the heart
Structure
3 distint tunics
large lumens, thin walls, accommodate large blood volume
Has valves
Tunia externa, tunica media, tunica intima
Cardiac cycle and the ECG and Intrinsic Factors
Cardiac cycle is how the heart function based on the body's heartbeat
Artriole Systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces blood into ventricles
P- wave
Ventricular Systole = First Phase
Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed
QRS Complex
Ventricular Systole = Second phase
Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected
T- Wave
Ventricular Diastole (early)
Semilunar valves close and blood flows into atria
Ventricular Diastole (Late)
Chambers relax and blood fills ventricles passively
ECG:is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat
Control is entirely from within the tissue or organ
Uses pancreas or properties of muscle tissue
Autoregulation or local control
Monitoring the diameter of local arterioles feeding the capillaries
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke):
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Symptoms:
Severe headache
Change in alertness
Memory loss
Causes/ Risks:
Blood clot in artery to the brain
Clogged arteries
Aneurysm
Treatment:
Thrombolytics
Blood thinners
Surgical Intervention
Congenital Heart Disease: Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
Symptoms:
Dependent on condition
Cyanosis common
May cause death
Treatment:
Medication
Surgical Intervention
Some abnormalities may heal on their own
Causes/ Risk:
Hereditary
Tricuspid Atresia
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD):
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Symptoms:
leg and arm pain
extreme numbness and weakness
wounds that will not heal
Treatment:
Medication
Lifestyle changes
bypass surgery
Causes/ Risks:
Blood vessel inflammation
Limb trauma
smoking
Endocarditis and Myocarditis: Inflammation of the Heart
Symptoms:
Heart palpitation
Chest pain
Fatigue
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Medication
Diuretics
Causes/ Risks:
Virus, bacterial or fungal infection
Allergic reaction to medication
Heart valve damage
Myocardial Infraction (Heart attack):
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Symptoms:
Chest pain
nausea/ vomiting
pain in chest, arm, jaw, abdomen, and back
Treatment Options:
Nitroglycerin
-Thrombolytics
Open heart surgery
Causes/ Risks:
Blood clot
obesity
high blood pressure
Anatomy of the Heart
(chambers and valves)
Tricuspid Valve: Controls blood flow from the right atria to the right ventricle
Left Ventricle: Receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the rest of the body
Bicuspid/ Mitral Valve: Controls blood flow from left atria to left ventricle
Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Controls blood flow out of the right ventricle to the lungs
Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Aortic Semilunar Valve: Controls blood flow out of the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle
Layers of the Heart
Myocardium:
Cardiac muscle contracts, muscle cells, & connective tissue fibers
link heart
Endocardium:
White sheet of endothelium, lines the heart chambers & covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves
Epicardium: (Visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Infiltrated with fat
Pericardial cavity: Contains a film of serous fluid
Serous Pericardium:
Thin slippery two layer serous membrane
Fibrous Pericardium:
Protects the heart
anchors it to surrounding structures
Prevents overfilling of blood in heart
Major arteries and veins of the body
Coronary arteries: Transport oxygenated blood to heart. These arteries wrap around the entire heart. Arise from the base of the aorta & encircle heart in coronary sulcus
Left Coronary artery:
Circumflex artery: Supplies left atrium & posterior walls of left ventricle
Anterior interventricular artery: follows anterior interventricular sulcus & supplies blood to the interventricular septum
Right Coronary artery:
Right Marginal artery: Serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart
Posterior interventricular artery: runs to heart apex & supplies posterior ventricular walls
Coronary veins: Venous blood is collected. Veins join to form an enlarged vessel called the coronary sinus.
This empties the blood int right atrium tributaries, great cardiac vein, middle vein, and small cardiac vein
Muscular Arteries: Deliver blood to body organs
Thickest tunica media
more smooth muscle, less elastic tissue
elastic membrane
Elastic Arteries: Thick walled arteries near the heart
aorta and branches
Largest artery in diameter
Pressure Reservoirs: Expand and recoil as heart ejects blood, creates smooth blood flow
veins: Carry blood from capillary beds
Venules join to form veins
3 distinct tunics
Capacitance vessels & blood reservoirs
65% of bloods supply
Arterioles: Smallest arteries
Constrict = tissues served are largely bypassed
Dilate: blood flow into local capillaries increase
Pulmonary veins: transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
There are four pulmonary veins
Inferior vena cava: Blood from below the diaphragm
a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
Coronary sinus: Collects blood draining from the myocardium
Superior vena cava: Blood from superior to diaphragm
a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
Deoxygenated blood flows through both the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Blood enters the right atrium and goes through the tricuspid valve
The tricuspid valve allows blood to flow to the left ventricle
From the Left ventricle blood flows through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery
The pulmonary artery then allows blood to flow out into the lungs to gain oxygen
Oxygenated blood enters through the pulmonary arteries
This blood flows from the left atrium and through the Bicuspid valve
The Bicuspid valve leads the blood to the left ventricle
Blood from the left ventricle flows through the aortic semilunar valve
This then goes through the aorta and out to the rest of the body
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