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Tissues & Primary Growth (external organization of stems (phyllotaxy,…
Tissues & Primary Growth
basic types of cells and tissues
Parenchyma
most common cell/tissue
constitutes all soft parts of plants
types:
glandular cells
secrete:
fragrances
nectar
mucilage
etc.
transfer cells
mediate short distance transport
large scale molecular pumping
chlorenchyma
involved in photosynthesis
a lot of chlorplasts
die at maturity
stamens
fruits (pea pods)
Sclerenchyma
develop from parenchyma cells in mature organs
primary and secondary cell wall
elastic
can deform and retain shape
supports plant by strength alone
types of sclerenchyma:
mechanical
fibers
long
flexible
alive ones involved in storage
many types are dead
sclereids
often dead at maturity
more or less isodiametric
conducting
tracheids
long narrow w/ tapered ends
no perferations
dead at maturity
found in all vascular plants
vessel elements
found in flowering plants
short and wide w/ perpendicular end walls
dead at maturity
contain one or two perferations
nonflowering plants:
gymnosperms
horsetails
ferns
collenchyma
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primary wall
thick primarily in corners
thin in some areas
in elongating shoot tips
Vines
require more glucose production
external organization of stems
stem
nodes
where leaves are attached
internodes
region between nodes
bud
bud scales
waxy
protect delicate organs inside
auxiliary bud
extreme tip of each stem
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leave on a stem
alternate
leaves one per node
opposite
leaves two per node
decussate
leaves located in four rows
whorled
three or more leaves per node
spiral
leaves not aligned with their nearest neighbor
distichous
leaves located in two rows only
bulbs
short shots w/ thick fleshy leaves
onions
daffodils
garlic
corm
vertical thick stems w/ thin papery leaves
rhizomes
horizontal stem allow plant to spread underground
irises
bamboo
tubers
horizontal stem but grow for a short period
means of storing nutrients
potatoes
Internal regulation of stems
epidermis
cutin
encrusts outer wall
makes wall impermeable to H2O
builds up layer called cuticle
inhibits entry of CO2 for photosynthesis
stomatal pores
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guard cells
#
outermost surface of herbaceous stem
single layer of parenchyma cells
vascular bundles
primary xylem
part of the primary plant body
collateral
holds both xylem and phloem parallel
primary phloem
vascular bundle of phloem
pith
region of parenchyma
vascular tissues
xylem
conducts water and minerals
vessel elements
tracheids
phloem
distributes sugar and minerals
sieve tube members
sieve cells
concepts
secondary plant body
constitutes the woody, bark covered parts
composed of secondary tissues
bark
wood
derived from:
meristems other that apical meristems
primary plant body
composed of primary tissues
constitutes herbaceous parts of plant
derived from:
root apical meristems
shoot apical meristems
herbs are comprised of only primary plant body
herb:
plant that never becomes woody or bark covered
angiosperms
largest plant kingdom
approx. 297,000 species
early angiosperms diversed
eudicots
broadleaf plants:
maples
roses
asters
monocots
catails
lilies
grasses
basal angiosperms
magnolias
waterlilies
laurels
work together like air pressure and tire
stomata
make up
