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Digestion and excretion (Digestive system (anatomy and physiology…

- - - - intracellular digestion vs. extracellular digestion
        
        Metabolism: oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy within cells
        
        breakdown of macromolecular nutrients (polysaccharides, fats, and proteins) via mechanical and chemical means into precursor molecules (monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids) within the lumen of the alimentary canal; facilitating absorption
      - mechanical digestion vs. chemical digestion
      - digestion vs. absorption
        
        macromolecule pathways
        
        accessory organs of digestion
        
        hormonal control of exocrine pancreas
        
        gastric juice vs. pancreatic juice
        
        bile vs. bile salts
        
        Absorption: transport of digestive products (monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids) from lumen of alimentary canal into intestinal epithelium cells and into the bloodstream
      - ANS innervation and enteric nervous system
        
        sympathetic innervation
        
        parasympathetic innervation
        
        enteric nervous system
        
        peristalsis vs. emesis (vomiting)
    - - GI tract pathway
        
        oral cavity
        
        mechanical digestion
        
        mastication
        
        tongue
        
        bolus
        
        chemical digestion
        
        salivary glands
        
        saliva
        
        lingual lipase
        
        salivary amylase (ptyalin)
        
        parotid
        
        submandibular
        
        sublingual
        
        pharynx
        
        nasopharynx
        
        oropharynx
        
        swallowing
        
        laryngopharynx
        
        epiglottis
        
        aspiration of food and choking
        
        esophagus
        
        PNS innervation
        
        somatic (voluntary) nervous system
        
        upper esophageal sphincter
        
        skeletal muscle
        
        1 more item...
        
        ANS
        
        lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
        
        smooth muscle
        
        2 more items...
        
        stomach
        
        mucosa
        
        gastric glands vs. pyloric glands
        
        gastric glands
        
        parasympathetic innervation (CN X, vagus n)
        
        2 more items...
        
        cell types and secretions
        
        2 more items...
        
        pyloric glands
        
        antrum
        
        pylorus
        
        cell types and secretions
        
        1 more item...
        
        pyloric sphincter
        
        chyme
        
        pancreatic juice
        
        product secretions and functions
        
        HCl
        
        pepsinogen
        
        mucus
        
        HCO3-
        
        H2O
        
        intrinsic factor
        
        small intestine
        
        digestion
        
        duodenum
        
        enzymes
        
        peptidases
        
        2 more items...
        
        brush-border enzymes
        
        1 more item...
        
        enteropeptidase/enterokinase
        
        2 more items...
        
        pancreatic juice
        
        peptide hormones
        
        secretin (enterogastrone)
        
        1 more item...
        
        cholecystokinin (CCK)
        
        3 more items...
        
        absorption
        
        ileum
        
        jejunum
        
        large intestine
        
        rectum
      - accessory organs of digestion (endoderm)
        
        salivary glands
        
        pancreas
        
        endocrine vs. exocrine function
        
        endocrine function
        
        islets of Langerhans
        
        exocrine function
        
        pancreatic duct
        
        acinar cells
        
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        connected to duodenum via major duodenal papilla and minor duodenal papilla
        
        common bile duct
        
        liver
        
        bile ducts
        
        connect liver to gallbladder and small intestine (duodenum)
        
        hepatic portal vein
        
        inferior vena cava
        
        right atrium
        
        functions
        
        production of bile
        
        bile composition
        
        bile salts (amphipathic molecules)
        
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        pigments
        
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        cholesterol
        
        stored in gallbladder
        
        secreted in duodenum
        
        nutrient processing
        
        glycogenesis
        
        glycogenolysis
        
        storage (triacylglycerols) and mobilization (via lipoproteins) of fat
        
        gluconeogenesis
        
        endogenous and exogenous chemical detoxification in blood
        
        alcohol metabolism
        
        amino acid catabolism
        
        ammonia (NH3), waste product, --> urea
        
        synthesis of albumin (plasma protein) and clotting factors
        
        albumin (plasma protein)
        
        maintains plasma oncotic pressure
        
        carrier protein for drugs and hormones
        
        clotting factors during blood coagulation
        
        gallbladder
        
        CCK stimulates bile release into biliary tree
        
        biliary tree
        
        bile duct
        
        pancreatic duct
        
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        stores and concentrates bile
      - alimentary canal cells and secretions
    - - ingestion and digestion
        
        feeding behavior
        
        hormonal regulation
        
        thirst
        
        ADH (vasopressin)
        
        aldosterone
        
        hunger
        
        glucagon
        
        ghrelin
        
        satiety
        
        stimulated (+) by:
        
        cholecystokinin (CCK) - duodenum
        
        leptin - adipocytes
        
        macromolecule digestion pathways
        
        Triacylglycerols
        
        bile
        
        emulsified (mechanically digested) triglyceride
        
        pancreatic lipase + bile micelles
        
        1 more item...
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        polysaccharides
        
        starch
        
        salivary amylase (ptyalin)
        
        1 more item...
        
        pancreatic amylase
        
        1 more item...
        
        disaccharides
        
        isomaltose
        
        isomaltase
        
        1 more item...
        
        sucrose
        
        sucrase
        
        1 more item...
        
        lactose
        
        lactase
        
        1 more item...
        
        maltose
        
        maltase
        
        1 more item...
        
        Proteins
        
        aromatic amino acid residues
        
        pepsin(ogen) + H+(HCl)
        
        aromatic amino acids
        
        chymotrypsin(ogen) + trypsin
        
        aromatic amino acids
        
        basic amino acid residues
        
        trypsin(ogen) + enteropeptidase
        
        basic amino acids
        
        C-terminal (carboxyl) end of residue
        
        (pro)carboxypeptidases A and B + enteropeptidase
        
        carboxyl group
        
        N-terminal (amine) end of residue
        
        aminopeptidase
        
        amine group
        
        dipeptide
        
        dipeptidase
        
        2 amino acids
        
        trypsinogen
        
        enteropeptidase
        
        trypsin
        
        procarboxypeptidases A and B
        
        enteropeptidase
        
        carboxypeptidases A and B
        
        swallowing
      - absorption and defecation
        
        marcomolecule absorption
        
        marcomolecule defecation