Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cardiovascular system (Heart pt. 2 (Coverings of the Heart (-enclosed in a…
Cardiovascular system
Blood
Formed elements
-only white blood cells are complete cells; red blood cells have no nuclei and platelets are cell fragments
-most blood cells originate in bone marrow
Blood plasma
-plasma is 90 percent water
-Albumin:makes up 60 percent of blood protein
-FUNCTIONS: A carrier of other molecules, blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
Composition of blood
-leukocytes (white blood cells)
-plasma(fluid)
-Erythocytes (red blood cells)
-platelets
Functions of Blood
-Transport
O2 and nutrients to body cells
Metabolic waste to lungs and Kidneys
hormones to target organs
-Regulation
-maintaining body temp, normal pH, and adequate fluid volume
-Protections
prevent blood loss and infection
Blood transfusions
Restoring blood volume
-blood volume must be replaced with Normal saline or multiple-electrolyte solution
-replacement restores circulation
transfusing red blood cells
-transfusion reaction occurs with mismatched blood
-treatment fluids & diuretics
-Type O blood is the universal donor
-Type AB universal recipent
no anti A or anti B antibodies
-cardiovascular system minimizes blood loss by reducing volume of affected blood vessels
--more than 30 percent of blood loss leads to shock
-loss of less than 30 percent of blood results into being weak and pallor
Erythrocytes
-contribute to gas transport
-no organelles
-filled with hemoglobin (Hb)
Functions
--dedicated to respiratory gas transport
-hemoglobin binds reversibly with O2
-Hematopoiesis is the formation of all blood cells; red bone arrow
Fate & Destruction of erythrocytes
-life span 100-120 days
-RBCs cannot divide,synthesize, or grow
macrophages in spleen engulf and breakdown dying RBCs
Erythrocyte disorder
Sickle-cell anemia
-1 amino acid is wrong
-blood cells become crescent shaped
-benefit: people with this do no contract malaria
-treatment: treated with transfusions; inhaled nitric oxide
polycythemia
-abnormal excess of RBCs
-polycythemia vera: bone marrow cancer due to excess RBCs
-Secondary polycythemia:
Caused by low oxygen levels
-Blood atrophy: athletes remove, store, and reinfuse RBCs to increase their stamina
most disorders are classified as anemia or polycythemia
-Anemia: blood with very low oxygen in it
-symptoms: fatigue, pallor, and chills
Platelets
-fragments of larger Megakaryocytes
-contain chemicals involves in the clotting process
-FUNCTION: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
CBC Count Lab
-4.5 to 5 million red blood cells
-8000 white blood cells
-lack of red blood cells=lack of oxygen
-CBC= a common procedure to determine the number of red and white blood cells
-hemocytometer=a specialized counting chamber used for blood cell counts
-solutes carried in blood
potassium,sodium, & calcium :
Heart Diagram
-superior inferior vena cava
-right atrium
-tricuspid valve= chordae tendinease
right ventricle
-pulmonary semilunar valve
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium
-bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
-semilunar aortic valve
-aorta
-brachiocephalic, left common cartoid artery, subclavian
-aortic arch
Heart pt. 2
Coverings of the Heart
-enclosed in a sac called pericardium
Protects the heart
Anchors surrounding structures
prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
-parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Layers of the Heart Wall
-superficial layer: Epicardium
-middle: myocardium
composed of cardiac muscle
-3rd layer: Endocaridium
lines heart chambers
Size, location, and orientation of the heart
-mass of 200 to 350 grams
-enclosed within a mediastinum
Homeostatic Imbalance
-Perocarditis
inflammation of pericardium
-creates friction sound
pain deep in the sternum
-may lead to impede heart activity
can cause cardiac "heart plug"
The Pulmonary& systemic circuits
-pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from circuit
-right side of the heart recieves oxygen-poor blood
from tissues
-systemic circuit blood vessels that carry blood to and from blood tissues
-right atrium receives blood from systematic circuit
-left atrium receives blood from pulmonary circuit
-two pumping chambers are right and left ventricles
Heart valves
Atrioventricular (AV)
-one located at each atrial-ventricular junction
-prevents back flow from atria
-Right AV valave= tricuspid valve
-Left AV valve= mitral valve
-chordae tendineae= tiny white collagen cords attached to each AV valve flap "heart strings"
Semilunar (SL) valve
Aortic & Pulmonary Semi-lunar valves guard the basses of large arteries
-prevent back flow from ventricles
crescent shape
Coronary circluation
Coronary arteries
-left coronary artery runs toward the left side of heart and divides intreventricular artery and circumflex artery
right coronary artery
supplies left atrium and left ventricle walls
coronary veins
-venus blood is collected after passing capillary beds
-veins join to form a large vessel= coronary sinus
-sinus has 3 large tibutarles
-great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein
Blood circulation
-right side is deoxygenated
-left side is highly oxygenated
-goes through superior inferior vena cava
-to right atrium
-to tricuspid valves
-to right ventricles
to pulmonary arteries
-to lungs
to pulmoary veins
to left atrium
to bicuspid valve/mitral valve
-to left ventricle
to aortic semilunar valves
-to aorta
to the rest of the body
Blood pressure
systolic
Maximum blood pressure achieved during ventricular contractions
Distolic
Lowest pressure that remains in arterial system during ventricular relaxation
types of capillaries
Fenestrated capillary
-have large pores
-occur in areas of active filtration or absorption and areas of endocrine hormone secretion
Sinusoid capillary
-occur in live, spleen, bone marrow, and adrenal medulla
-have incomplete basement membrane
-allow large molecules and cells to pass through walls
continuous capillary
abundant in skin, lungs , and CNS
-generates new vessels or scar tissue, stablize capillary wall, & control permeability
have intraventricular clefts
Capillary bed
-interweaving networks=micro-circulation
-flow of blood from arteoriole to a venule
-FUNCTION: takes part in exchange of gases, nutrients, & wastes surrounding tissue cells
veins
-Venules join to form veins
-walls are always thinner and lumen and larger than arteries
-blood pressure in veins is low
-varicose veins: veins that are tortuous and dilated because of leaky valves
-capillaries unite to form venules
-smallest unit of venules are postcapillary venules
Blood vessel Walls
Tunica media
-middle tunica
-circularly arranged smooth muscle cells & sheets of elastin
-vasoconstriction/vasodilation
-regulate circulatory dynamics
Tunica externa
-outermost layer
-largest; coarse collagen fibers protect & reinforce vessel
-anchor surrounding structures
-contain system of tiny blood cells
Tunica intima
-innermost layer
-contact with the blood in the lumen
contain the endotheliem
Arteries
Elastic arteries
-near the heart; largest in diameter
-low resistance pathway that conduct blood
-pressure reservoirs, expanding & recoiling as heart ejects blood
Muscular arteries
-delivers blood to specific body organs
-thickest tunica media of all vessels
most smooth muscle; less elastic tissue
-more active in vasoconstriction
Arterioles
-smallest artery
-lead into capillary beds
-changing diameter
-resistance to blood flow
-dilate= increase blood flow
-constrict= tissues are bypassed
arteries of the body
-fibular artery(back of lower leg)
-common iliac artery ( Pelvic &lower limbs)
-ascending aorta(above heart, before aortic arch)
-subclavian artery ( neck and upper limb)
-brachiocephalic artery ( head, neck and right upper limb)
-axillary artery( armpit region)
-thoracic aorta
-common cartoid artery ( left, right side of head and neck)
-Aortic arch(after ascending aorta. before thoracic aorta)
-radial artery( lower arm)
-anterior tibial artery (front of lower legs)
-Ulnar artery (lower arm)
-Abdominal aorta ( stomach)
brachial artery (upper arms)
-femoral artery ( located in thighs)
veins of the body
-Ulnar veins (lower part of arms)
-Inferior vena cava (below heart)
-subclavian vein ( head, neck upper arms)
-common iliac vein( pelvis & L/R lower limbs)
-superior vena cava
-brachiocephalic vein (L/R of head L/R of upper limbs)
-External jugular vein (superfical head &neck)
-External iliac veins ( thighs)
-radial veins ( lower arms)
Great saphenous vein ( thighs)
Brachial vein
Basilic vein ( upper arms)
Axillary vein
-Cephalic vein
-internal jugular vein
-femoral vein
-internal illac vein
Hemostasis
Platelet plug formation- positive feed back
Coagulation (blood clotting) - blood transformed liquid to gel
vascular spasm- vasoconstriction & reduces blood flow
Blood flow
Intrinsic controls
-from within the tissue or organ
uses paracrines/ properties of muscle tissue
also known as autoregulation or local control
Extrinsic controls
-controls is from outside of the tissue/ organs
-uses nerves or hormones
Cardiovascular disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident
-blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
-causes: clogged arteries, aneurysm, high blood pressure
-symptoms: severe headache, change in alertness, change in senses
-treatment: thrombolytics, blood thinners, physical therapy
Endocarditic & Myocarditis
-inflammation of the heart
-causes: virus, bacterial, heart valve damage, recent surgery
-symptoms: fatigue, fever, heart palpitations
-treatment: antibiotics, medication, diuretics
Peripheral Artery Disease
arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
-causes: radiation exposure, smoking, obesity
-symptoms: leg &arm pain, weak pulse, hair loss in arms
-treatment: medication, lifestyle changes
Cogenital Heart disease
-an abnormality in the heart that develops before birth
-seizure disorder, lithium to treat depression, insulin-dependent diabetes
-symptoms: may cause death, may be asymptomatic
treatment: medication, surgical intervention, may heal on their own
Myocardial Infraction
-blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
-causes: blood clotting, lack of excercise, stress
-Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, sweatings
-treatment: coronary bypass, lifestyle change, thrombolytes
Leukocytes
-a complete cell with nuclei and organelles
-function is to fight against disease and infections
-increase number is a normal response to defense
-Mnemonic= decrease number in blood
-NLMEB=Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils