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A 60 year old woman came in with a history of obesity and DM2. She…

- - - - resulting in failure of the mitral valve to close
        
        Mitral valve disease
        
        occurs when the mitral valve doesn't work properly
        
        allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium
        
        life-threatening complications
        
        1 more item...
        
        if left untreated
    - - typically by a thrombus or embolus
- - - - large vein that receives blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and thorax and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart
    - - large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart
  - - - responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body
    - - closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body
    - - helps move blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle
    - - receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it down into the left ventricle which delivers it to the body
    - - carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
    - - main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
        
        delivers oxygen-rich blood to the brain, muscles, and other cells
- - - - when the right ventricle contracts, blood goes through the tricuspid valve
        
        blood then flows into the right ventricle
        
        when the right ventricle contracts, blood flows through the pulmonary valve into the 2 pulmonary arteries then to the lungs where oxygen is picked up
        
        blood then returns to the heart from the lungs through the 4 pulmonary veins where it enters the left atrium
        
        when the left atrium contracts, the mitral valve opens and blood flows into the left ventricle
        
        the left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve to the aorta then to the body
- - - - bp is highest in the arteries as the heart contracts
      - bp is lowest in veins
- - - - numerator is the systolic pressure
      - denominator is the diastolic pressure
        
        pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure
    - - but can vary among individuals
  - - - the amount of blood ejected per heart beat
  - - - SV mLejected per beat =
        
        CO mL ejected per minute
- - - - as a result
        
        your heart does not pump enough blood out of the left ventricular chamber to supply your body with oxygen-filled blood
        
        can cause symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath
        
        however, many people with mitral valve disease experience no symptoms
  - - - when this happens, not enough blood can pass into your left ventricle
        
        in most cases, it is not serious
        
        if serious you can get surgery to fix the valve
        
        Valvuloplasty
        
        a doctor could use a balloon to open up the valve
    - - joints can become inflamed, which can lead to temporary and sometimes chronic disability
      - parts of the heart can become inflamed and lead to these potentially serious heart conditions
        
        mitral valve becomes inflamed or otherwise injured/scarred by these conditions
        
        which then can lead to a chronic heart condition called rheumatic heart disease
  - - - this prevents the valve from closing completely, and regurgitation — the backward flow of blood — may occur
    - - mostly occurs in people with conditions such as scoliosis and connective tissue problems
- - - - they are more common, more severe, and carry worse outcomes
      - incomplete bladder emptying due to autonomic neuropathy
      - serious complications can happen such as emphysematous cystitis and pyelonephritis, renal abscesses and renal papillary necrosis
  - - - direct
        
        when blood glucose levels get very high or very low, both of which can cause the brain to not function normally
        
        Neuropathy
        
        when the nerve endings furthest from the body (feet) do not function normally
        
        symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, burning, lack of feeling and imbalance
      - indirect
        
        indirect cause would be atherosclerosis
        
        caused due to diabetes mellitus, and therefore the risk of stroke is increased
  - - - tend to have 3% to 10% lower lung volumes than adults who do not have the disease