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Cell Structure (Cell organelles and structures (Nucleus (a membrane-bound…
Cell Structure
Cell organelles and structures
Nucleus
a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotic organisms.
Ribosomes
tiny organelles that contain RNA and specific proteins within the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria
organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.
Vacuoles
tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.
Centriole
contain tube-shaped molecules known as microtubules that help separate chromosomes and move them during cell division.
Lysosomes
membranous organelles that contain acidic enzymes (hydrolase enzymes) that serve to digest various macromolecules (e.g. lipids and nucleic acids) in the cell.
Golgi Appartus
a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
Cytoplasm
the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Plasma Membrane
a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm
Movement across cell membranes
Passive
Diffusion
:A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space.
facilitated diffusion
:the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
Active
Active Transport:
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
Osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
concentration gradient
The proccess of moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles
Consequences for cells in a hyper/hypo/isotonic environment
Hypo
,water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell.
Isotonic
Cells in hypotonic solutions will gain water. Cells in isotonic solutions will neither gain nor lose water.
Hyper
water inside the cell will flow outwards to attain equilibrium, causing the cell to shrink.
Characteristics of Cell Membrane
Phospholipid
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin.
provide barriers in cellular membranes to protect the cell, and they make barriers for the organelles within those cells
Transport Proteins
protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism
Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things.
Cholesterol
a compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues
major component of all cell membranes and is used to make essential molecules such as hormones, fat-soluble vitamins, and bile acids to help you digest your food
any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose.
provide your body with energy
Cell Theory
Cells are the most fundamental unit of life
Cells come from other cells
All living things are made up of cells
