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HCI - mod 2 (Guidelines, Principles and Theories) (Principles (8 golden…

- - - - Windows
      - Apple UI
    - - Widget Names
      - Functionality names
      - common lingo to discuss UI
  - - - Provides
        
        cures for design problems
        
        cautions for potential danger
        
        reminders based on experience
    - - give details on how a design must be performed
      - appearance: style, colour usage, window appearance etc
      - Interaction usage
        
        when to use check-boxes, when to use buttons etc
        
        based on experience
        
        developers found users preferred list+slider over pull-down menu
      - require all developers to follow the guidelines
    - - requirement for any serious large-scale UI design
      - provides "shared language"
      - allows consistency within large team
      - sounds trivial but necessary
  - - - National Cancer Institute (NCI)
        
        Developers developed 388 guidelines for designing their web-pages and other online info
        
        Standardize task sequences
        
        Ensure that embedded links are descriptive
        
        Use unique and descriptive headings
        
        Use radio button for mutually exclusive choice
        
        Use check boxes for multi-answer choices
        
        Develop pages that will print properly
        
        Use thumbnail images to preview larger images
    - - Enable screen readers or other tech for disabled people to access the webpage contents
      - Text alternatives for non-text elements [image, audio, sound, video etc]
      - alternatives for time-based multimedia [video and audio]
      - Colour not used as the only visual means of
        
        conveying info
        
        indicating an action
        
        prompting a response
        
        distinguishing a visual element
      - Title each frame, facilitating frame identification and navigation
    - - Consistency of data display
        
        terminology
        
        abbrev
        
        formats
        
        colours
        
        grammar
        
        capitalization
      - Efficient info assimilation by the user
        
        Format for presentation should be familiar to the user
        
        Related to tasks at hand
        
        justification
        
        spacing
        
        formatting
        
        labels
        
        units/measurements
        
        numbers of decimal points
      - Minimal memory load on the user
        
        Minimal carried info over from one screen to another
        
        Require fewer actions
        
        Tab key to move to next entry field vs having to use the mouse
        
        Labels and common formats should be provided for novice
      - Compatibility of data display with data entry
        
        Entering data should look similar to the eventual viewing o data
        
        Displayed fields should be editable (as input)
      - Flexibility for user control of data display
        
        For task convenience , user should be able to control how information is displayed (e.g. sorting, ordering of columns and rows)
        
        diff tasks may require viewing the same data in diff ways
    - - Urgent, exceptional and time dependent conditions need to be brought forward
        
        e.g. damage and health in games
      - Intensity
        
        limited use of high intensity
        
        brightness/contrast
      - Marking
        
        underlines
        
        enclosing it in a box
        
        asterisk*
        
        bullet
      - Size
        
        up to 4
        
        with larger sizes attracting more attention
      - Fonts
        
        3
      - Audio
        
        Soft tones
        
        positive
        
        harsh tones
        
        emergency
    - - Summary
        
        can occupy a substantial portion of user's time
        
        usually the source of frustrating and potentially dangerous errors
      - Consistency of data-entry transactions
        
        similar sequence of actions
      - Minimal input actions by user
        
        Fewer actions
        
        means greater productivity and less error
        
        single key-stroke, mouse or finger press compared to typing
        
        Too much hand movement is not good
        
        Command line vs GUI
        
        Avoid redundant data entry
        
        waste time
        
        increased effort
      - Minimal memory load
        
        Don't rely on codes
        
        User don't want remember
        
        Provide "selection" from a list or embedded menu
        
        Don't need memorize choices
      - Compatibility of data entry with data display
        
        should match display capability
      - Flexibility for user control (Experienced vs Novice)
        
        Experienced may want "hot-keys" or "short-cuts"
        
        novice doesn't
        
        should be used cautiously
        
        it goes against consistency
- - - - age
      - gender
      - cultural background
    - - Novice
        
        Inexperience with interfacce
        
        Anxiety
        
        Solutions
        
        Restrict vocab
        
        Provide help
        
        Small number of actions
        
        Feedback
        
        Documentaions
      - Knowledgeable intermittent users
        
        Understand task concepts and interface basics
        
        May have difficulty retaining
        
        structure of menus
        
        location of features
        
        Solutions
        
        Consistent sequences of actions
        
        meaningful feedback
        
        guides to frequent patterns of usage
        
        protection from danger
        
        encourage exploration
        
        undo
        
        Context dependent help
      - Expert frequent users
        
        Thoroughly familiar with task and interface
        
        Aims to be efficient
        
        high speed
        
        low error
        
        Solutions
        
        Rapid response time
        
        Brief feedback
        
        shortcuts
        
        Macros
    - - Design for more than one of these classes
      - Present users with multiple features
        
        Users can move up when they feel comfortable
      - Provide documentation to educate users
  - - - must identify tasks to be carried out
        
        before design can proceed
        
        Brainstorm
        
        Examine current market
      - Usually involve long hours observing and interviewing users
  - - - Summary
        
        Manipulate visual representations
        
        Desktop icons
        
        Appeals to novices
        
        easy to remember for intermittent users
      - Evaluation
        
        PROS
        
        fast
        
        feedback
        
        easy to understand and retain
        
        exploration encouraged
        
        good for novices
        
        CONS
        
        hard to program
        
        interaction devices are harder to design or modify
    - - Summary
        
        User reads a list of items, and selects one
        
        Appropriate for novice and intermittent users
        
        can be appealing to frequent users if display and selection mechanisms are rapid
      - Evaluation
        
        PROS
        
        no memorization
        
        few actions
        
        clear structure
        
        tools for validity
        
        consistency exist
        
        CONS
        
        Make actions understandable not easy, careful task analysis
    - - Summary
        
        Data entry info fields
        
        Appropriate for intermittent users or frequent users
      - Evaluation
        
        PROS
        
        rapid
        
        for more advanced users
        
        tools available for forms
        
        CONS
        
        must understand labels and request format
        
        be able to respond to errors
        
        training required
    - - Summary
        
        Suitable for expert frequent users who derive great satisfaction from mastering a complex set of semantics and syntax
      - Evaluation
        
        PROS
        
        feeling of control
        
        advanced users like it
        
        rapid
        
        histories and macros are easy
        
        flexibility
        
        CONS
        
        high error rates
        
        training required
        
        poor retention rate
        
        hard to create error messages
    - - Summary
        
        Computers will respond properly to arbitrary natural language sentences or phrases
      - Evaluation
        
        PROS
        
        easy to learn
        
        CONS
        
        unpredictable
        
        requires clarification dialog
        
        tech not fully developed
  - - - Consistent sequence of actions for similar situations
      - Identical terminology
        
        prompts
        
        menus
        
        help
      - Consistent visual layout
        
        fonts
        
        colour
    - - Recognise the needs of a diverse user group
      - Design for plasticity
        
        means content that can be used on any type of display (portability)
      - Interface supports with features for Novice -> Expert
    - - system should provide feedback
        
        for every user action
      - Frequency of task affects feedback type
        
        Common tasks
        
        modest feedback
        
        Errors/uncommon tasks
        
        substantial feedback
      - Visual approaches make feedback easy
    - - Sequences of actions should be organized into groups with a beginning, middle and end
      - Feedback provides sense of accomplishment
      - e.g. Downloading software has a step by step process
    - - Actions should be reversible
        
        Relieves anxiety (user knows that errors can be undone)
        
        Encourages exploration of unfamiliar options
      - units of reversibility may be a
        
        single action
        
        data entry
        
        complete group of actions
      - Design decision should include
        
        history size
        
        what does it mean to undo something
      - Let the user know they can reverse an action
    - - Experienced users want to feel in control
        
        feel in charge of interface
        
        interface rapidly responds to the user
        
        If not
        
        builds anxiety and dissatisfaction
        
        surprising interface actions
        
        tedious actions
        
        inability to produce desired results
      - Avoid acausality, make users rather than responders
        
        Acausality (BAD)
        
        some sound is played even though user not involved
        
        little paper-clip appears when not expected
        
        Causality (GOOD)
        
        sound immediately after user clicks on a link
    - - Limit errors a user can make
        
        gray out menu items that don 't apply
        
        no characters in a numeric field
      - In case of errors
        
        detect error
        
        simple, constructive and specific instructions
        
        do not change system date
      - How to reduce error rate?
        
        better error messages
        
        helps fix current error
        
        helps reduce similar errors
        
        increase satisfaction
        
        specific, positive and constructive
        
        "Printer is off, please turn on" instead of "Illegal operation"
        
        reduce chance for error
        
        organising info, screens, menus
        
        commands and menu choices should be distinctive
        
        state of interface should be known (change cursor then busy)
        
        consistency of actions (Yes/No order of buttons)
- - - - happens from 2 to 4
  - - - happens from 5 to 7