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chapter 40-41, chapter 40-41 (digestive hormones (protein enzymes are…

- - - - a stimulus is detected by a sensor
        
        control center generates an output
        
        which triggers a response
        
        which changes the stimulus back to normal
  - - - poikilotherm -some ectotherms merely change temperature with the environment
    - - cooling by evaporative heat loss
        
        sweating carries away heat from skin with water vapor, this is done by some mammals including horses
        
        some birds have a pouch full of blood vessels on the floor of their mouth, that they flutter to cool their bodies
      - behavioral responses
        
        animals respond to their environment to maintain body temperature
        
        or a dragonfly sitting in "obelisk" position to expose minimal body surface to the sun on a hot day
        
        or honey bees huddling together during cold weather
        
        such as a lizard sitting on a hot rock on a cool day
      - circulatory -transfer of heat between two fluids going in opposite directions to keep heat from being lost in limbs
      - metabolic hear production
        
        organisms can increase their metabolic activity to stay warm
        
        mammals mitochondria producing heat instead of ATP
        
        or pythons shivering around their eggs
        
        such as insects shivering before they take flight
      - insulation -hair, scales, feathers, blubber
        
        acclimatization -animals acclimate to changing seasons
        
        such as growing thicker fur in winter
        
        or cells producing enzymes that work better in different temperatures
        
        or fishes in the arctic producing antifreeze proteins
      - physiological thermostats and fever
        
        organisms with fever try stay warmer
- - - - some can be obtained from water
  - - - proteins are complex molecules made of amino acids, organsms can produce about half of the essential amino acids and must get the others from their diet
        
        this comes from foods such as eggs, meat and cheese
    - - lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acid chains, they are used for stored energy
        
        animals obtain the ones they can't produce from seeds, grains and vegetables
    - - carbs are made of glucose monomers, they are used for stored energy
        
        animals obtain these from plants
- - - - in the small intestine food mixes with digestive juices from pancreas liver and gall bladder
        
        fats are dissolved by bile from liver and gall bladder
        
        proteins are dissolved by enzymes
  - - - transported by epithelial cells and given to blood which transports it across the body
  - - - they are digested into amino acids
    - - they are digested into glucose (which is converted into ATP)
    - - they are digested into
- - - - incisors for ripping plants and molars for grinding them
      - long digestive tracts to digest plant matter
      - symbiotic microorganisms is cecum, break down cellulose
      - cud chewers have a system for chewing their food twice, called ruminant digestion
  - - - large pointed teeth for killing and ripping flesh
      - expandable stomachs to wait between meals
  - - - incisors for biting and tearing, different molars for grinding and crushing
      - long digestive tracts to digest plant matter
      - gut bacteria digest and produce vitamins, also regulate development of intestine walls
- - - - bone -collagen fibers woven together with calcium phosphate
      - adipose -fibers squished between bloated adipocites
      - fibrous -lots of fibers, so much you can barely see the cells
      - cartilage -collagen woven together
      - loose connective tissue -loose fibers with scattered cells
      - blood - blood cells full of hemoglobin and dissolved proteins suspended in plasma
      - fibers
        
        elastic -stretchy
        
        reticular -branching
        
        collagen -tough
    - - smooth
        
        spindle shaped, for involuntary activity
        
        on organs
      - cardiac
        
        striated, branched fibers and intercalated disks to synchronize heart contraction, for heart beating
        
        heart
      - skelatal
        
        long cells with striped (striated) sarcomeres, for voluntary movement
        
        attached to bones by tendons
    - - squamous -squished flat shape
        
        simple squamous epithelium
        
        single layer of flat cells, thin and leaky for places with exchange of material such as lungs or veins
        
        stratified squamous epithelium
        
        lots of layers of flat cells for places with rubbing such as mouth or anus
      - columnar -long tall shape
        
        simple columnar epithelium
        
        single layer of long cells for places of secretion or absorption such as intestines
        
        psuedostratified columnar epithelium
        
        single layer of different heights of cells such as a mucous membrane
      - cuboidal -"cube" shape, about as tall as wide
        
        cuboidal epithelium
        
        dice shaped cells, such as kidney tubules and glands
      - transitional -stretches or changes between shapes
      - layers
        
        stratified -many layers for parts of body with rubbing
        
        psuedostratified -looks stratified but isn't
        
        simple -one layer, for areas that need to be permeable
      - always has apical and basil surface
    - - neurons receive impulses on dendrites and transmit on axons
      - glial cells help and regulate neurons
      - located in brain, spinal chord and nerves
- - - - pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, hormone secreting glands
        
        coordination of body activities
    - - ovaries or testes and associated organs
        
        gamete productions, fertilization, growing embryo
    - - kidneys ureters, urinary bladder urethra
        
        filtering blood and disposing of waste
    - - brain, spinal chord, nerves, sensory organs
        
        detection of stimuli and formation or responses
    - - bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
        
        fighting infections
    - - skin and what comes off of it (hair, nails etc)
        
        protection against injury, thermoregulation
    - - lungs, trachea, breathing tubes
        
        gas exchange (oxygen for carbon dioxide)
    - - bones, tendons ligaments, cartilage
        
        support, protection of internal organs
    - - heart, blood vessels, blood
        
        internal distribution of materials
    - - skeletal muscles
        
        movement
    - - mouth-ingestion, stomach -digestion, liver, pancreas, intestines-digestion and absorption, anus-elimination