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UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY ISSUE AND APPROACHES ON TRANSPORT AND TOURISM…
UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY ISSUE AND APPROACHES ON TRANSPORT AND TOURISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY
GLOBALISATION AND TOURIST TRANSPORT
Consequences
accessibitity for major global cities
competitive advantages
MNCs play key element
Points to change
longer and more customised transport links
greater sensitively; connections, arrivals, departures
greater reliance : communications, computer networks
third-level airport
Thompston : TGV became the lowest cost alternative to air travel
Roman found only 35% trail- based between high-speed train and air transport
alpine routes; see reduce to single destination of Paris
Strategic alliances
3 large airline alliance grouping (199s)
account over 50% world air passenger traffic
car hire companies
GEOGRAPHY AND TOURIST TRANSPORT
transport facilities the process of movement <=> economic + budgetary cost
Consideration with transport
the linkages and flows
locations and places connected
the system of catchments and relationships between places within the network
Behavioural <=> available infrastructure and routes
Under estimated
viewed as a passive element
Actually facilities and sometimes is the type of recreation
the use of trails
water-borne transport
land-based transport
THE ECONOMIST AND TOURIST TRANSPORT
Economic issues
microeconomic
macroeconomics
commodities
goods
services
Resources ( rare)
natural
labour
capital
Transport, tourism and economic development
issues
congested urben areas
key international getaway
delays
key inter-urban corridors
higher cost production
roles
key element of economic development
prerequisite to economic devel through hardness
account for 10% of household expenditure
The supply
Characteristics
goverment regulations and restriction
reaction from other business
major capital
expertise
Conditions
monopoly
duopoly
oligopoly
The demand
Factor affecting
leisure travel
weather
distance
holidays
etc
cultural preference
Characteristics
the variabilitiy
elastic, variable
instantaneous, unpredictable nature overcapacity
non-priced items
Elasticity
Percentage change in tour demand/ percentage change in disposable income
Price elasticity = Percentage change in quantity of tourism product
Demanded / percentage change in tourism price
COMTEMPORARY ISSUES IN TOURIST TRANSPORT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Geography
Marketing
Economics
Management
MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND TOURIST TRANSPORT
Managers
Process
organising
leading
planning
controlling
Competencies
getting the job done
talking to people
understanding what needs to be done
Goals
coordination, liaision, raising public awareness
effciency, reduce expeniditure and inputs
profitabilities
effectiveness, achieveing the desire ooutcome
Factors fnfluence the organisational environment
socio-cultural
demographic
economic
political and legal
technological
international
changes and untertainty
Organisations
Level
top managers
middle managers
CEO
first-line managers
Funtion
business unit, divisonnal
functional manager
Project managers
Airlines management and low-cost revolution
The Global airlines business
Lost US$7.2 billion in 1990
many UK airlines face difficulties since 2001
Airline marketing and management
develop a marketing plan
monitor and review the airlines abilities
use the market analysis to assess which product to offer
identifying markets and market segments
Key to success
strategic vision and focus
coordination of airline activitie
leadership
Key characteristics
lower staffing cost
limited office space at the airports
point-to-point flights
no per-assigned sitting
ticketless travel
short turnarounds
one class cabins
flexible in staff tostering
No complimentary in-flight service
etc
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY AND TOURIST TRANSPORT
The car and tourist travel
Benefits of using car in traveling
Recreation form
Seasonality and timing of pleasure trip
Means of transport
use to venture thanks to the versatility of the car
impact
Overuse at accessible sites
Congestion
Management issues associated with tourist car use
Measures
encouraging travel closer to home, local
make alternative access easier than using car
raise awareness
restriction strategies
improving oppotunities for cycling and walking
generation of traffic on uneconomic public transport routes
private sector initiatives
car parking provision to limit space
changing the fees charged for parking
Congestion
Forms
recurring
non-recurring
sensible policy directions
niche markets are best served by public transport
adding additional road capaity
use of less polluting and sustainable engines
road pricing is a better option
accepting that car congestion never be eliminated
Issues
pollution
risk accidents
quantities of the visit exp
congestion
Tourism geography, transport and analytical concepts
Tourism geographers
the patterns of tourist transport
undertaken research on tourist transport systems at different spatical scales
Trip index
night spent at the destination/ total number of nights spent on the trip x 100
Tourist use the car for urban: The impact on historic cities
Impacts
local residents
pedestrian flows
prevent cities offering their wider attributes to the visitors
tourist bunching, crowding, spatial congregation
archeological remains
dimish the quality of the visitor's exp
pollution from vehicles
tale actions
limiting private cars
reoganise road network
promoting altenative travel methods
switching to public transport
development of cycling and pedestrian tracks
tourist coach control system
Marketing and tourist transport
Marketing research
consumer research
product/price-based studies
market analysis and forcasting
distribution research
to understand their customers, markets and business efficiency
evaluation studies
How marketing is used in tourist transport
influence the consumer to purchase the product
the growth and establishment of marketing affect consumer's orientation and company's finance
Focus on airlines
The marketing mix
Price
Product formulation
Promotion
" The mixture of controllable marketing variables that the firrm uses to pursue the sought level of sales in the target market"
Place
Tourist transport as a service
Defination of "service" in tourist transport
Service perishability
Service inseparability
Service intangibility
Elements affeact customer perception of the service
the image of the service
the image of personnel with whom customers interact
image differences within the same sector as the service provider
the customer group targeted
the influence of the physical environment in which the service is delivered
the working atmosphere in which the service is formulate, designed and delivered
Specific services are offered to tourist as transport
ambience
convenience and ticketing arrangements
comfort and speed
contact with staff
cost in comparision to competitors on th same route
image and positioning of each operator
service availability
the consumer benefit
research about social, economic,cultural, business and family influences and how those they condition and affect the attitudes, motives, needs and perceptions of consumers
significant amount of research on the social psychology
understand what the consumer wants and how they may benefit from the service
the service provider translates the assessment of consumer demands into a service concept
The service concept : Marketing research at both the consumer benefit and service concept stage is essential to assist in identifying the specific market segment to target and the nature of the consumer/ producer relationship
the service offer
the form - how it will be offered to consumers
the levels of service - what the consumer will expect to reeceive in terms of the quality an quantity of the service
the elements - the ingredients
the service delivery system
deliver the service to the customer
comprise both the people reponsible for different aspects of the service experience and the physical evidence
strategic planning
"the process of developing and maintaining a strategic fit between the organisation's goals and capabilities and it's changing marketing oppotunities"
the structured approach devised by Kotler and Armstrong
the first stage is the definition of an organisation's purpose
What business is it in ?
Who are its customers?
What services do its customers require?
business portfolio
the Weakness
the Opporturnities
the Strength
the Threats
the company analyses its own products or services in terms of its own business expertise and how competitors' products and services may afect them
strategic planning is used to order / structure one company's activities, help the company act effectively and think ahead
Wider strategic
Marketing consortia
Stategic alliances
Accquisition
Joint ventures
Ancillary activites
Franchising
Middleton and Clarke
building corporate product and brand strengths
relationship marketing
finding ways to reduce marketing costs
strategic linkages and alliances
Forcasting demand