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EIT Week 2- Race, Empire and Welfare (From 15th Century, Europe started to…
EIT Week 2- Race, Empire and Welfare
From 15th Century, Europe started to expand outwards- 'Age of Discovery'
idea of 'popular imperialism'- seemingly widespread support for idea of empire and expansion of empire- public encouraging empire
Maritime expansion led to gold, glory and conquest- 'civilising mission'
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Worldwide expansion, especially in the Americas, led to an 'Age of Empire'
From later 18th century, Europe's empires increased in size and nature- economics driven
expansion of control of lands overseas led to creation of global systems of control- with trade and military capacity
Imperialism- desire to control others- belief that it was one nation's right or duty to control others- belief in rightness of building an empire- seeking to expand European influence across the world
1800- Europeans controlled 35% of global land 1878- 67% 1914- 84%, nearly all of Africa controlled by European powers
Motivations- economic, political, military, strategic, duty, nationalism
Economic- need for new markets and raw materials- protect existing economic interests- economic exploitation
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Strategic- rebellions, uprisings and local struggles force colonial rulers to increase their control-
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Effects of Empire- understanding of race and racial hierarchies- attitudes of European superiority- justifies European expansion- stoked existing rivalries and creates new ones- determined success of different governments- affected foreign policy in Europe
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'Age of Empire' dictates much of what happens domestically- fuels rivalry and tensions and nationalism
'Age of Empire' and fear of working class lead to rise of nationalism- in 19th century, more people than ever begin identifying with a nationality
Governments set out to construct, invent or reinforce national communities through state rituals, mass public meetings, elections and banal nationalism
People identifying more with language and ethnicity as identity markers- creates insiders/outsiders- growth of xenophobia- further complicated by multiple groups wanting self-determination
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With rise of nationalism, international rivalry and competitions grew
The French feared depopulation the most- Germany looked with dread to higher depopulation rates in the East- Britain was panicked by poor performance in Boer War and state of population- Russia lost a lot of population after failure against Japan in 1905
Working-class blamed for fertility problems- endangering population by having too many 'inferior' problems
Social Darwinism- taking Darwin's principles and applying them to politics and socio-economic world- argument for selective breeding
Eugenics- forced selection of humans as science- 'unhealthy humans' should be stopped from marrying and breeding- echoes of Nazi ideology- eugenics supported by Winston Churchill
'Age of Nationalism'- force that could unite European society, but more often divided them- fuelled support for militarism and imperialism- increased likelihood of war
Seebohm Rowntree’s study of the outwardly prosperous city of York showed that over 27% of the inhabitants were living in poverty, and further research showed the persistence of poverty despite widespread improvements in standards of living
Social conditions and public responses to social problems were mixed in Europe in early 20th century- welfare initiatives helped living conditions for working class- concerns over city life, poverty, and demographic decline came together in an image of an ‘underclass’- this and urban poor were linked to crime in this period - P. Lawrence, 'Urbanisation, Poverty and Crime