Drone HF
3 axes of Flight
three axes of rotation
longitudinal
lateral
vertical
center of gravity
Four Forces of Flight
History
1849
Austrian balloons.
1916
World War 1 – Hewitt-Sperry, the first unmanned aircraft.
1918
US Army Develops Kettering Bug
1930
US Navy creates radio-controlled aerial aircraft
1940
Radioplane OQ2 – The first large-scale UAV production
1973
Mastiff UAV – Unpiloted surveillance vehicle
1982
Battlefield UAVs
1985
US – large-scale UAV development
1986
RQ2 Pioneer Reconnaissance drone
1996
Predator Drone
2006
UAVs permitted in US civilian airspace.
2010
Parrot AR Drone is released.
2013
DJI releases the Phantom 1 UAV.
2013
Amazon Drone Delivery.
2014
Film and TV Use.
Sensors
Parts of Drone
The frame
Propeller
Batteries
Attitude Controll
Autopilot
IMU Accelerometers and IMU Gyroscope
GPS
Flight Computer
What is it made of
Plastic, fiberglass, aluminium and carbon fiber are the most commonly used
What type of batterie
Lithium Battery
LiPO batteries
Has a limited lifespan of around 150-250 cycles.
The technology allows a drone to autonomously fly to preprogrammed points. Also the system can instruct the drone on how fast, how high, and where to fly.
FlytPOD is flight computer system, It is a platform that supports running intelligent algorithms onboard, payload integration, seamless connectivity and custom user interfaces on a mobile app.
Gyroscope
Barometer
Accelerometer
GPS
Magnetometer
Rangefinder
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
Obstacle avoidance
An inertial measurement unit works by detecting the current rate of acceleration using one or more accelerometers. The IMU detects changes in the rotational attributes like the pitch, roll and yaw using one or more gyroscopes.
Magnetometers used in aviation to measure the Earth's magnetic field in order to show the correct orientation.
Barometers are sensors that measure air pressure in the drone
measures the rate of rotation and helps keep the drone balanced
the accelerometer is the acceleration force which the drone is then subjected to in all three axis X, Y and Z. Which is then used to measure the velocity of the drone.
The Drone uses visual tracking to determine its position and orientation.
The Drone sends out a laser and it then determine how long it takes before it hits an object to determine how for the range is.
Obstacle detection and collision in 2 directions. then it fuses these sensors together, its main camera and sophisticated algorithms into its system.
is an electronic device that uses accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure acceleration and rotation
the drones autopilot can be a series of programmed events that the drone performers
is where the drone maintains the same altitude automatically
spinning blades are the wings to the aircraft.
lithium battery packs are used to power quadcopter. They have two common chemistries in the batterie called, Lithium polymer (LiPO) and lithium polymer high voltage (LiHV).
They are the same as the batteries in a laptop and smart phone.
But a drone needs the power to discharge a lot quicker so they are more dangerous
How to fly a drone
Quadcopter controllers
Roll
Pitch
Yaw
Throttle
The yaw is when it rotates the quadcopter clockwise or counterclockwise. This is done by pushing the left stick to the left or the right.
The Roll moves your quadcopter left to right. It’s done by pushing the right stick on your transmitter to the left or the right.
Pitch is done by pushing the right stick on your transmitter (Controller) forwards or backwards. this then results in the drone moving forwards and backwards
The Throttle gives the propellers on the quadcopter enough power to lift the drone and get it airborne.
The transmitter
The transmitter is a hand-held controller that lets you pilot the quadcopter and control its flight pattern.
How does it work?
When you make an adjustment with the sticks on the controller, it sends a signal to your drone telling it what to do next.
What all the controls do?
Right Stick
Left Stick
Trim Buttons
All controllers have a trim button this button is what controls the balance of the drone in the air.
the right stick is what controls the roll and the pitch
the left stick is what controls the yaw and the throttle
Rules of Flighting a Drone
Must stay below the maximum allowable altitude of 400 feet.
Must maintain visual line of sight.
Don't fly over people.
You must fly in accordance with a set of community based guidelines
Can't flight at night.
Safety Precautions
If you’re about to crash into something/someone, turn the throttle down to zero on the drone, so you don’t potentially destroy your quadcopter, injure somebody, or injure yourself.
Always keep your fingers away from the propellers when they’re moving
Unplug or take out the battery of the drone before doing any work on it, so it doesn't turn on accidentally and the propellers start spinning.
Beginners learning to fly indoors
Global Positioning System
the frame is for the motors and the Electronics.
Strong and light enough to support the vehicle.
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamic interactions between rotors are important factors affecting the performance of drones.
Newton’s Laws of Force and Motion
Newton's First law
Objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. If balanced forces act on an object, it doesn’t accelerate or change direction. This means it doesn’t change its velocity and it doesn’t have momentum.
Newton's second law
Acceleration is produced when an unbalanced force acts on an object (mass). The more mass the object has, the more net force has to be used to move it. This law may be expressed by the formula: Force = mass x acceleration (F = ma).
Newton’s 3rd Law:
Every force applied to an object is opposed by an equal force in the opposite direction, or as it is often stated, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli introduced a theory that helped explain the creation of lift by an airfoil.
Bernoulli’s equation describes the basic principle of airflow pressure differential. Known as “Bernoulli’s principle,” it was theorised that as the velocity of a fluid (such as air) increases, its pressure decreases.
As air enters the tube, it is traveling at a known speed (velocity) and pressure.
The process was that total energy of the airstream is conserved. An increase in velocity was accompanied by a decrease in pressure.
Airfoils
An airfoil is any surface, such as a wing, that provides aerodynamic force when it interacts with a moving stream of air
Circulation of the airstream around the airfoil is an important factor in the generation of lift.
Bernoulli’s principle and Newton’s law explain the resulting effect of the oncoming airstream and the pressure differential on the wing’s surface.
The airplane wing’s shape is designed to take advantage of this physics principle.
lift
weight
thrust
drag
When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction on that system.
Lift is the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction.
The weight of an object is the force of gravity on which the object may be defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity.
drag is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid.