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Criminal Psychology (Operant Conditioning (Reinforcement (Positive…

- - - - Pleasurable Consequence (chocolate)
    - - Removal of unpleasant thing (chores)
  - - - Negative Consequence (beating)
    - - Removal of pleasant thing (TV, Freedom)
  - - - Can be used in prisons (token economies)
  - - - Reduces value of insight
  - - - Biological Need and survival (food, water)
    - - Associated with primary (grades, Credit card)
- - - - Bandura's Bobo doll
        
        Behaviour can be learnt without direct consequence
        
        Aggression copied
        
        Same sex
        
        Role model rewarded
    - - (need motivation)
  - - - Can only measure short term effect of observational learning
      - Not ethical to test
      - Can't generalize findings to real world
- - - - Psychotic
        
        No empathy
        
        Emotional disability
        
        Antisocial (sometimes)
      - Neurotic
        
        Unstable, uncontrollable emotions, nervous disposition, overreact in stressful conditions
      - Extroverted
        
        Sociable, Outgoing, Sensation seeking
        
        Introversion
        
        Reserved, Quiet
        
        High arousal level
        
        Avoid thrill and excitement to stay calm
        
        Low arousal level
        
        Seek external simulation
      - High PEN scores
        
        Rare
        
        Associated with criminals
        
        Result of childhood experiences
        
        Most children are punished for antisocial behaviour
        
        Associate misbehaving with the anxiety of being punished
        
        Children with a high PEN score find in harder to socialise because they do not associate antisocial behaviour with the anxiety of being punished
        
        Suggests punishment is not an effective way to control their behaviour
    - - Evidence found to support links between high P and N (not E)
        
        Farrington (1982)
      - Combines biological, psychological and social factors
        
        More holistic approach that SLT
    - - Assumes personality traits are fixed
        
        They change with age and situation
        
        Focuses on environmental conditions
      - Questionaries
        
        Social desirability
        
        Only data from caught offenders (not successful criminals)
        
        Reduces validity
  - - - (Male vs Time)
    - - (Gnat vs Foe)
  - - - (Gnat vs Toes)
- - - - Positive punishment stops behaviour
      - Acts as a deterrent to stop potential offenders
        
        Negative reinforcement
      - Positive reinforcement
        
        Prisoners may enjoy their stability, routine and friendships