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Cht 13-15 Waves (General properties of waves (speed (light in vacuum:…
Cht 13-15 Waves
General properties of waves
frequency
f=1/T=s/λ
wavelength
s=λf
infrared :10^−3 to 7 × 10^−7
visible :7 × 10^−7 (red) to 4 × 10^−7 (violet)
microwaves :10^−1 to 10^−3
ultraviolet : 4 × 10^−7 to 10^−8
radio waves : >10^6 to 10^−1
X-rays :10^−8 to 10^−13
γ-rays :10^−10 to 10^−16
period
T=1/f
speed
light in vacuum: 3*10^8
sound wave in air : 340m/s
amplitude
Intensity /amplitude^2 =constant
Doppler effect
fo=observed frequency
v= travel through the air
fs = not affected by the movement of the source
+vs= away from the observervs -vs= toward from the observer.
Standing waves
node: the point which the wave do not move
fixed end (air column)
Reducing and eliminating errors
for the shorter tube: 1/4 λ=
l1 + c(distance beyond the tube)
for long tube: 3/4λ=l2+c
λ=2(l2-l1)
λ=2* the separation of the adjacent nodes
antinode: the points where
the spring oscillates with maximum amplitude
free end (air column)
Stationary waves and musical
instruments
second
harmonic
λ = l 2f1
third
harmonic
λ = 2/3l 3f1
fundamental
λ = 2l f1
Superposition
progressive and stationary waves
differences
1.A progressive wave transfers energy; a standing waves does not transfer energy.
2.Points in a progressive wave have different amplitudes of vibration with respect to time; points of a standing wave have the same amplitude with respect to time.
Similarities
Points in the waves vibrate
The wave speed = fλ
Nodes and antinodes
A node is a point where the amplitude is always zero.
An antinode is a point of maximum amplitude.
Electromagnetic radiation
c = fλ
γ-rays(10 −10to 10−16m)
X-rays (10 −8to 10−13m)
ultraviolet (4 × 10 −7 to 10−8m )
visible (7 × 10 −7m (red) to 4 × 10 −7m (violet))
infrared (10 −3 to 7 × 10−7 m)
microwaves(10 −1 to 10−3 m)
radio waves (>10 6 to 10−1 m)
