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60 year-old woman with a myocardial infraction (Concepts (Heart Rate (the…
60 year-old woman with a myocardial infraction
Indirect
obesity
DM II
Direct
labored and gurgling breathing
damage to papillary muscle in left ventricle
failure of mitral valve to close
blood pressure is 95 over 55
heart rate is 125 beats per minute
Anatomy of the Heart
Right Atrium (RA)
deoxygenated blood gets pumped into by inferior and superior vane cava coronary sinus
Pectinate Muscles
muscular ridges
fossa ovalis
a depression which was the foramen ovale which shunted blood from right atrium to left atrium bypassing lungs during the fetus stage
Right Ventricle (RV)
trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular ridges
papillary muscles
cone-shaped muscular projections
tendinous cords or chordae tendineae
thin strands of collagen fibers anchor papillary muscles attached to free edge of atrioventricular valve
deoxygenated blood is pumped in by right atrium going towards the pulmonary trunk
Left Atrium (LA)
same structures as RA has pulmonary veins and contains AV valve oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
Left Ventricle (LV)
has same structures as RV pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta into the body
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular valves (AV)
located between RA and RV also called the tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve or mitral valve located between LA and LV they both prevent backflow of blood into atriums
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Semilunar valve located between RV and pulmonary trunk
Aortic Semilunar Valve is located between LV and ascending aorta prevent backflow of blood into ventricles and lets blood out
close during contraction and open during relaxation
Role of papillary muscles in the heart valves is that they keep the valves closed when the heart is in contraction
Blood Pathway
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava pumping deoxygenated blood into the RA
RA pumping deoxygenated blood into RV by the tricuspid AV valve
RV is pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries by the pulmonary semilunar valve into the lungs
the lungs oxygenate the blood and sends it back to the heart by the pulmonary veins
the pulmonary veins pump the oxygenated blood into the LA
LA pumps the oxygenated blood into LV by the Bicuspid AV valve or the mitral valve
LV pumps blood into the aorta by the Aortic Semilunar valve to the rest of the body
Heart Sounds
the lubb sound is the AV valve closing
the dub sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves closing
Relationship between heart function and blood pressure
the heart will pump blood into the body for its nutrients and oxygen it needs to carry out day-to-day functions if the heart speeds up in pumping so will the blood pressure
the relationship between heart function and respiratory rate
blood needs to be oxygenated if the heart rate goes up so does the respiratory rate
Concepts
Heart Rate
the number of beats per minute
Stroke Volume
volume of blood ejected during one beat
Cardiac Output
amount of blood that is pumped by a single ventricle in 1 minute
Mean Arterial Pressure
average of blood pressure in a singe cardiac cycle
Preload
blood coming in and stretching the heart walls before contractions
Afterload
resistance in arteries to the ejection of blood by the ventricles represents the pressure that must be exceeded before blood is ejected from the chamber
Peripheral Resistance
resistance of the arteries to blood flow
Frank-Starling Law
the greater the volume of blood the higher preload there is
Venous Return
volume of blood returned to the heart via the great veins
myocardial Infractions
"heart attack" it is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
Effects of Mitral Valve failure
shortness of breath fatigue and a heart murmur
can cause heart failure of heart rhythm problems if left untreated
Also have a higher heart rate
Affect other systems
Respiratory System
can cause pulmonary hypertension
high blood pressure in the lungs
Urinary System
Chronic Kidney Disease
the kidneys can no longer keep up with all the blood and can't filter out the impurities which then can damage the kidneys
Nervous System
Autonomic System
can no longer control heart rate, respiratory rate
can lead to heart failure or breathing issues