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E219 Week 17 Identity in Adolescence (gender differences (activity 3…

- - - - defined by?
        
        hobbies
        
        parent
        
        partner
        
        ethnicity?
        
        religion
        
        job
        
        sexuality
        
        gender
      - could be ruthless business but doting dad
    - - move away from shelter of childhood
      - peer groups become more important
      - Many psychologists describe early adolescence (12–14 years) as the time when young people begin to disengage from the internalised standards of their parents and move towards greater autonomy and independence of thoughts and values (Blos, 1979).
        
        Csikszentmihalyi and Larson (1984) showed that the amount of time young people spend with their families decreases from 25 per cent in early adolescence to 15 per cent in late adolescence (18–21 years).
        
        Csikszentmihalyi et al. (1977) found that adolescents spend only 8 per cent of their waking time talking to adults but almost one-third of their time with peers.
        
        craving to be part of a clique is exchanged with want for an intimate relationship by late adolescence
        
        young people must decide on a life course but it is also a time when they are experimenting with different roles; when they are likely to take great risks, but not always be aware of the consequences of taking them; and when they are expected to grow up, but when they may also still crave the comfort of childhood. It is also the time when they look to their peers for advice and reassurance, even though their peers may also be struggling.
  - - - solitude and seclusion V friendships and romantic relationships,
      - energy and creativity V gloom and despair
      - idealism and sensitivity V cruel and callous
      - yearn for idols V reject ideas of authority and the status quo.
  - - - Central to Erikson’s theory is the acquisition of an ego identity
        
        Stage - Psychosocial crisis or conflict - Resolution
        
        Infancy - Basic trust v. Basic mistrust - Hope
        
        Early childhood - Autonomy v. Shame and doubt - Will
        
        Play age - Initiative v. Guilt - Purpose
        
        School age - Industry v. Inferiority - Competence
        
        Adolescence - Identity v. Identity confusion - Fidelity
        
        Young adulthood - Intimacy v. Isolation - Love
        
        Adulthood - Generativity v. Stagnation - Care
        
        Old age - Integrity v. Despair - Wisdom
        
        Children - form their identity through interactions with those closest to them. Adolescence- more problematic - when an individual must develop a sense of self and personal identity (Erikson, 1993 [1950]).
        
        behaviours can be seen as antisocial or risky [but] it is through experimenting and exploring in this way that adolescents can reach the resolution of ‘fidelity’.
        
        vocational goals, religious beliefs, a knowledge and acceptance of one’s sexuality, and a philosophy of life – are the basis of a person’s ego identity, and serve to orient the individual in their future choices and behaviours.
        
        Erikson argued that, in extreme cases, identity diffusion could lead to suicide.
        
        peers act as a mirror
        
        (Erikson, 1983 [1968]).- peers important but can be cruel and cliquey
        
        idolise footballers, rockstars etc unrealistic career aspirations so role confusion is common.
        
        identity crisis
        
        problematic in contemporary Western society- loss of family and community tradition, the present is characterised by rapid social and technological change, so the future is more uncertain.
        Erikson.
        
        not everyone has turmoil in adolescence. some smooth transition
        
        and anthropologists say not universal issue (see Montgomery, 2009)
        
        suggesting that any crises that do occur are partially social as well as psychological.
- - - - identity emerges out of relationships.*
      - values and virtues, and what is ‘real’ and what is ‘good’, are not determined by an individual but are culturally constructed.
      - Gergen argues that there must be a new way of conceptualising the person in psychology:
        
        The isolated computer as the dominant metaphor of human functioning in psychology is being replaced by the network. It is not so much, ‘I think therefore I am,’ but ‘I am networked, therefore I am’. (Gergen, 2006 p. 122)
      - https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1446327&section=4.1