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Reproduction and cell growth (The Cell (Eukaryotic cells (Membrane-bound…
Reproduction and cell growth
The Cell
Fundamental tenets of Cell Theory
Eukaryotic cells
Membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus
Nucleolus
rRNA synthesis
Transcription (DNA --> mRNA)
Mitochondria
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
Binary fission
Apoptosis
Lysosomes
Hydrolytic enzymes
Endocytosis
Autolysis
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
rough ER (rER)
Protein synthesis/Translation (mRNA --> amino acids)
smooth ER (sER)
Lipid synthesis and detoxification
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisomes
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Beta-oxidation of long-chain FAs
Phospholipid synthesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Cytoskeleton
Signaling transduction (GPCRs and second messenger systems)
Microfilaments (actin)
muscle contraction
cleavage furrow (cytokinesis)
Microtubules (tubulin)
motor proteins
kinesin
dynein
cilia and flagella (9 + 2 structure)
mitotic spindle
centrosomes (centrioles)
Intermediate filaments
keratin and desmin
Tissue formation
Epithelial tissue
Classification
number of layers
simple epithelia (1)
stratified epithelia (2+)
pseudostratified epithelia (1)
cell shape
cuboidal cells (cube-shaped)
columnar cells (long and narrow)
squamous cells (flat and scalelike)
Function
Polarization
Connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
Adipose tissue
Blood
Prokaryotic cells
Genetics and growth
Bacterial genetic recombination
transformation
conjugation (sexual reproduction)
transduction (bacteriophage infection)
transposons
Bacterial growth pattern
lag phase
exponential (log) phase
stationary phase
death phase
Classification and structure
cell shape
cocci (spherical)
bacilli (rod)
spirilli (spiral)
metabolic process
obligate aerobes (aerobic)
obligate anaerobes (anaerobic)
facultative anaerobes (environment)
aerotolerant anaerobes
Gram-stain (crystal violet/safranin)
pink-red
Gram-negative bacteria
thin cell wall
outer membrane
phospholipids
lipopolysaccharides
purple
Gram-positive bacteria
thick cell wall
peptidoglycan
lipoteichoic acid
Viruses and subviral particles
Obligate intracellular parasites
viral genomes
ssRNA
(+)ssRNA
(-)ssRNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
dsDNA
ssRNA-RT
reverse transcriptase
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
dsDNA-RT
bacteriophage life cycles
lytic cycle (virulent)
cell lysis
lysogenic cycle (provirus or prophage)
Prions
Viroids
Biological membranes
Fluid mosaic model
cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
lipid rafts
phospholipid head (hydrophilic)
two fatty acids tails (hydrophobic)
flippases
Membrane components
lipids
triacylglycerols/triglycerides
free fatty acids
saturated
unsaturated
glycerophospholipids/phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterol
waxes
proteins
integral proteins
transmembrane proteins
membrane receptors
ligand-gated ion channels
G protein-coupled receptors
embedded proteins
membrane-associated (peripheral) proteins
carbohydrates
extracellular membrane-associated polysaccharides
glycoprotein coat
glycolipids
cell-cell junctions
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
gap junctions (connexons)
tight junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
Membrane transport
concentration gradients
passive transport
simple diffusion
osmosis
osmotic pressure
hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
isotonic solution
facilitated diffusion
active transport
primary active transport
secondary active transport
symport
antiport
endocytosis
receptor-mediated
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
exocytosis
Specialized membranes
resting membrane potential
Na+/K+ ATPase
leak channels
mitochondrial membranes
outer mitochondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane
Reproduction
cell cycle and mitosis
mitosis and cytokinesis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
cell cycle
stages
interphase
G1 stage (presynthetic gap)
S stage (synthesis)
G2 stage (postsynthetic gap)
M stage (mitosis)
G0 stage
checkpoints
G1-S stage checkpoint
G2-M stage checkpoint
control
cyclins
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
transcription factors
uncontrolled cell division
cancer cells
meiosis
meiosis I
homologous pairs of chromosomes (homologs)
prophase I
synapsis
crossing over
Mendel's second law (of independent assortment)
metaphase I
anaphase I
Mendel's first law (of segregation)
telophase I
meiosis II
sister chromatids
prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II
reproductive systems
male
reproductive anatomy
ejaculatory pathway of sperm
mature sperm structure
spermatogenesis
sexual development
female
reproductive anatomy
oogenesis
sexual development
menstrual cycle
follicular (preovulatory) phase
ovulation (LH surge)
luteal (postovulatory) phase
menstruation
pregnancy
menopause
Embryogenesis and development
early developmental stages
problems in early development
teratogens
maternal health
diabetes
increased fetal size
hypoglycemia
folic acid deficiency
neural tube defects
neurulation
notochord (mesodermal derivative) inductive effect
neural tube (dorsal ectoderm)
CNS
neural crest cells
PNS
sensory ganglia
autonomic ganglia
adrenal medulla
Schwann cells
parafollicular (c cells) cells, thyroid
melanocytes, stratum basale
gastrulation
three primary germ layers and organ/tissue derivatives
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
blastula (blastocyst)
cell types
trophoblasts (placenta)
inner cell mass (developing organism)
cleavage
indeterminate cleavage vs. determinate cleavage
fertilization
fraternal (dizygotic) twins vs. identical (monozygotic) twins
fraternal (dizygotic) twins
identical (monozygotic) twins
shared placental structures
monoamniotic
diamniotic
monochorionic
dichorionic
fallopian tube (ampulla)
cortical reaction
mechanisms of development
cell specialization
determination vs. differentiation
potency types and cell lineage
totipotent cells
pluripotent cells
multipotent cells
cell-cell communication
autocrine signaling
paracrine signaling
juxtacrine signaling
endocrine signaling
cell migration, cell death, and incomplete regeneration
cell migration
anterior pituitary gland
neural crest cells
cell death
necrosis
apoptosis
regenerative capacity
heart (low)
kidneys (moderate)
liver (high)
senescence and aging
healthy cells
telomere shortening during cell division
cancer cells
telomerase (reverse transcriptase) mutation
fetal circulation
placenta functions
endocrine
immune
circulatory
systemic circulation
fetal
fetal shunts, connected vessels/heart chambers, and bypassed organ
maternal/adult
umbilical arteries vs. umbilical vein
fetal hemoglobin (HbF) vs. maternal/adult hemoglobin (HbA)
gestation and birth
developmental features of each trimester
first trimester
second trimester
third trimester
phases of birth
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3