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5.6 threats to aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services (major threats…

- - - - dams/canals
        
        destroy aquatic habitats
        
        deccrease water flow
        
        disrupt biodiversity
      - withdrawal of river water for irrigation/urban supply
      - extinction of species is 5x rate of land species
      - flood control levees and dikes built along rivers
      - pollutants and fertilizers
      - draining or filling inland wetlands
    - - biodiversity hotspots
        
        0.1% of oceans, home to 25% of marine species
      - 1950s- 50% have been detroyed
      - threats
        
        coastal development
        
        overfishing
        
        pollution
        
        warm water
        
        acidification
    - - 1/5 have been lost since 1980
      - floods coasts
      - firewood
      - coastal construcion
      - shrimp farm
    - - 50% of coastal are destroyed
      - dredging/coast development
    - - bottom trawling
      - fishing boats w nets and chains
  - - - 2//3 of fish extictions
    - - competes for food w natives
      - predates 50 species
      - low sexual mature age
      - many offpsring
  - - - chems
      - bio/solid waste
    - - fertilizers
      - sewage
      - soil erosion
      - excess, unnatural nutrients
      - cause dead zones (no life Red Sea)
    - - acts as poison
      - mercury in oceans from fossil fuels/mining
      - bioaccumulation
    - - microplastic particles
        
        blocks animal intestines
        
        poisons humans
  - - - destroy coral reefs
      - swamp islands
      - drown coasts/mangrove forests
    - - migration=outcompeting
      - stranded species
      - dissolved oxygen levels too low
      - coral bleaching
    - - dissolved CO2 in ocean
      - carbonic acid
  - - - industrialized/commercial fishing
        
        trawler nets
        
        destroy ocean bottom
        
        kill sea turtles
        
        purse-seine fishing
        
        kills dolphins
        
        catch large fish schools
        
        long line fishing
        
        hooks capture animals
        
        drift net fishing
      - problems
        
        overexploitation
        
        species never recover cz of invasive species
        
        industry collapse
        
        lost net trapping
        
        death, possible extinction
        
        huge energy inputs
        
        fishprint>biocapacity
        
        area needed to sustain fish human consumes annually
        
        50% fully exploited
        
        30% overfished
        
        commercial extinction
      - international laws
        
        UN Fish Stocks Agreement
        
        UNSFA