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Waves (Waves Have Measurable Properties (Definitions (crest - highest…

- - - - Height is a property of all waves-from ripples in a glass of water to gigantic waves at surfing beaches; measurable, the Speed of water is another property that can be measured-by finding the time it takes for one wave peak to travel a set distance. Other properties of a wave that can be measured include the time between waves and the length of a single wave. Scientists use the terms AMPLITUDE, WAVELENGTH, and FREQUENCY to refer to some commonly measured properties of waves
      - How Frequency and Wavelength are Related - when frequency increases more wave crests pass a fixed point each second. So as frequency increases, wavelength decreases. Vice versa is also true.
      - Graphing Wave Properties - The graph of a transverse wave looks like a wave itself. Unlike transverse waves, longitudinal waves look different from their graphs. In a longitudinal wave in a spring, the coils of the spring get closer and then farther apart as the wave moves through them. The shape of the graph looks like the shape of a transverse wave. The wavelength on a longitudinal wave is the distance from one compression to the next. The amplitude of a longitudinal wave measures how compressed the medium gets. Just as in a transverse wave, frequency in a longitudinal wave is the number of waves passing a fixed point in a certain amount of time.
    - - To find the speed of a wave, you can time how long it takes for a wave to get from one point to another or you can calculate the speed. The speed of any wave can be calculated when both the frequency and the wavelength are known.
- - - - Waves can transfer energy from one place to another. Waves can transfer energy over distance without moving matter the entire distance, ex:an ocean wave can travel many kilometers without the water itself moving many kilometers. The water moves up and down-a motion known as a disturbance
      - Forces and Waves
        
        Forces are required to change the motion of an object but can also start a disturbance, sending a wave through a material.
        
        ex: Rope Wave - suppose a rope is tied to a doorknob, you apply one force to the rope by flicking it upward and an opposite force when you snap it back down. This sends a wave through the rope. Both forces are required to start a wave.
        
        ex: Water Wave - forces are also required to start a wave in water. Suppose there is a calm pool of water. When you apply a force to the water by dipping your finger into it, the water rushes back after you remove your finger. The force of your finger and the force of the water rushing back send waves across the pool.
        
        ex: Earthquake Wave - an earthquake is a sudden release of energy that has built up in rock as a result of the surrounding rock pushing and pulling in it. When these two forces cause the rock to suddenly break away and move, the energy is transferred as a wave through the ground
      - Materials and Waves
        
        a rope tied to a doorknob, water, and the ground are all materials through which waves move. Waves can transfer energy through matter as well as empty space
      - Energy and Waves
        
        the waves caused by an earthquake are good examples of energy transfer. The disturbed ground shakes from side to side and up and down as the waves move through it. The ground does not travel kilometers away from where it began; it is the energy that travels in a wave. It is kinetic energy, that is transferred. Ocean waves are another good example of energy transfer. They travel to the shore, one after another. Instead of piling up all the water on the shore, the waves transfer energy.
    - - Transverse Waves
        
        In a transversal wave, the direction in which the wave travels is perpendicular, or at right angles, to the direction of the disturbance. Transverse means 'across' or 'crosswise.' The wave itself moves crosswise as compare with the vertical motion of the medium. ex: Rope Wave, Water Wave
      - Longitudinal Waves
        
        In a longitudinal wave, the wave travels in the same direction as the disturbance. It can be started in a spring by moving it forward and backward. The forward and backward motion is the disturbance. They are sometimes called compressional waves because the bunched up area is known as a compression. ex: sound wave - imagine a bell ringing. The clapper inside the bell strikes the side and makes it vibrate. The air molecules, in turn, set more air molecules into motion. A sound wave pushes forward. The vibrations of the air are in the same direction as the movement of the wave.
- - - - constructive interference - the adding of two waves
      - destructive interference - when the meeting of two waves result in the canceling out of the amplitudes
  - - - Reflection
        
        When waves encounter a new medium such as water waves encountering a wall, they cannot travel through the wall. Instead, the waves bounce off the wall. This bouncing back after striking a barrier is called reflection. Waves transfer energy and the wall applies an equal and opposite force on the water, sending the wave back in another direction. Sound and light wave reflect too. Sound waves reflecting off a canyon produce an echo. Light waves reflecting off smooth metal behind glass let you see an image of yourself in the mirror.
      - Refraction
        
        Sometimes, a wave does not bounce back after encountering a new medium. Instead, the wave continues moving forward. When a wave enters a new medium at an angle, it bends, or refracts. This occurs because waves travel at different speeds in different mediums. Because the wave enters the new medium at an angle, one side of the wave enters the new medium before the rest of the wave. When this side speeds up or slows down before the other side, it causes the wave to bend.
      - Diffraction
        
        Sometimes, waves interact with a partial barrier, such as a wall with an opening. As the waves pass through the opening, they spread out, or diffract. Sound waves can diffract as they pass through an open doorway. This can also occur as waves pass the edge of an obstacle. For example, water waves sometimes diffract when they pass large rocks in the water. Light waves diffract around the edge of an obstacle too. The edges of a shadow appear fuzzy because of that diffraction The light waves spread out, or diffract around the object that is making the shadow.
    - - Waves adding together
        
        If two identical waves coming from opposite directions come together at one point, the waves' crests and troughs are aligned briefly and join up exactly. When they merge into a temporarily larger wave, their amplitudes are added together. When the waves separate again, they have their original amplitudes and continue in their original directions.
    - - If two very similar waves come together, but the crest of one wave joins briefly with the trough of the other, the energy of one wave is subtracted from the energy of the other. The new wave is therefore smaller than the original wave. If the amplitudes of the two original waves are identical, the two waves can cancel out completely. When identical waves meet, they are usually not aligned. The crests meet up in some places and troughs in others. As a result, the waves add in some places and subtract in others.