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34 year old male diagnosed with aids (Immune system (innate response (1st…
34 year old male diagnosed with aids
Immune system
Organs
Primary
Thymus
Produces: Thymosin and Thymopoietin
T-Lymphocyte maturation
Red Bone Marrow
formation of all formed elements:site of B-lymphocyte maturation
Secondary
tonsils
protect against inhaled and ingested substances
lymphnode
filter lymph; where immune response is initiated against a substance in the lymph
Spleen
filters blood:where immune response is initiated against substance in blood: removes aged erythrocytes and platelets
Lymphatic nodules
protect body organs
cytokines
Interleukin(IL)
regulates immune cells
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Destroys tumor cells
Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF)
stimulates leukopoiesis in bone marrow to increase synthesis of a specific type of leukocytes
Interferon (IFN)
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
antiviral agents
IFN-gamma
pro-inflammatory agent
small, soluble proteins produced by cells of the immune system to regulate and facilitate
immune system activity
Cells
leukocytes
Neutrophils
phagocytize pathogens:Bacteria
Lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
cell-mediated immunity
must have the antigen processed and presented in the plasma membrane of another type of
cell
B-Lymphocytes
humoral and antibody mediated immunity
Plasma cells- synthesize and release antibodies
can make direct contact with an antigen
Natural Killer(NK) Cells
work to control viral infections by secreting IFNγ and TNFα
attack abnormal and infected cells
Monocytes
phagocytize bacteria, viruses, and dead cells
turn into macrophages
Eosinophils
phagocytice antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
phagocytize parasitic worms
Basophils
release histamine and heparin during inflammatory reactions
Dendritic Cells
phagocytic cells of skin and mucous membrane
Mast Cells
resident cells that secrete histamine and heparin during inflammatory reactions
innate response
defense mechanisms of the immune system that we are born with
respond immediately to potentially harmful agents
2nd line of defence
non-specific internal defences
cells
e.g. macrophages and NK cells
Phisiologic responses
e.g. inflammation and fever
chemicals
e.g. IFN and complement
1st line of defence
Skin
Normal Flora
Exfoliation
Epidermis and Dermis
hyaluronic acid
sebaceous gland secretions
sweat gland secretions
Mucous membranes
epithelial and connective tissue
normal flora
mucus
Respiratory tract
Nasal secretions
Vibrissae
Cilia
coughing and sneezing
Gastrointestinal tract
Saliva
Hydrochloric Acid
Defecatiion and vomiting
Urogenital Tract
Urine
Lactate
Secretions
Lysozyme
defensins
dermicidin
immunoglobulin
lacrimal fluid
cerumen
multiple components that protect against a wide array of substances
Non-specific response
adaptive response
Lymphocytes that are activated to replicate and respond when stimulated by a specific antigen
T-lymphocytes
Tmemory
T8 or T cytotoxic
T4 or T helper
TH1
TH2
B-lymphocytes
plasma cells
Specific response
Infections
Bacterial
bacteria is microscopic prokaryotic cells
fundamentally different from human cells
treated with specific antibiotics that target the infection
not all bacteria are pathogens
Viral
viruses are not cells
composed of DNA or RNA within a protein capsid
much smaller than bacteria
must enter cell to replicate
treated with meds that treat symptoms or target their DNA/RNA and inhibit or stop viral replication
lytic and lysogenic stages of a virus
lysogenic cycle- spread of the viral DNA occurs through prokaryotic reproduction
leads to integration of phage into the host genome
Lytic cycle- more immediate in that it results in many copies of the virus being created quickly and cell is destroyed
leads to host death
stages include attachment, penetration, uncoating,biosynthesis, maturation, and release
HIV vs AIDS
HIV
infects and destroys T4 (CD4) over a period of time
some T4 cells are programmed to produce HIV RNA
T-lymphocytes population decrease over time
results in loss of normal immune function
other t-lymphocytes are targeted and destroyed by other immune cells
virus
AIDS
life-threatening condition that is the result of HIV
HIV infection is diagnosed as aids when the T-lymphocyte count drops to 200 cells per cubic millimeter
Opportunistic infections account for 80% of AIDS related deaths
Decrease of T4 lymphocytes
T4 unable to tell B cells and T8 what to do
3rd line of defense unable to work
no specific adaptive immunity
his innate immune system will still work, because only the T4 T-lymphocytes are targeted by the HIV
Several weeks to several months after initial HIV infection
flu-like symptoms
sore throat
fever
fatigue
headache
swollen lymph nodes
night sweats
symptoms usually disappear after a few weeks
eventually T-lymphocytes levels drop
immune system is compromised
opportunistic infections can thrive
AIDS= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
caused from HIV which is a virus
cannot be treated with antibiotics since it is viral not bacterial
treatment
no cure
drugs to alleviate symptoms
can have unpleasant side effects
drugs to help prevent the spread of HIV
without this the HIV will spread faster
Come in contact with HIV
diagnosed with HIV over a year ago
HIV has decreased T-lymphocyte population to under 200 cells per cubic millimeter
unprotected sexual intercourse
sharing of hypodermic needles
recieving infected blood
contact with infected bodily fluid