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Chapter 4. Likes, wants and needs (Problems of norms (Segregation affects…

- - - - Where do these preferences and attitudes come from? Why do we seem to look for a new enemy even as become reconciled to the previous one? BIGOTED BEHAVIOUR
        
        Becker and Stigler's standard model
        
        violence is often a convenient camouflage for theft
        
        sometimes individuals feel the need to express intolerance and prejustice(including sentiments)
        
        to earn a place or status you may echo the preferences of others which may not be yours in order not to lose a position and social connections
        
        statistical discrimination
        
        the statistical association is when people presume that an individual will act accordingly to what we correlate with their race, religion or sex
        
        taste-based discrimination (old-fashioned prejustice) may be based on statistical discrimination
        
        prejudice is often a defensive reaction to the many things we feel are going wrong in the world, our economic travails, and sense that we are no longer respected or valued
    - - Game theory. Folk theorem
        
        A formal demonstration that this argument can be made in a logically coherent way and can therefore be a candidate for explaining why norms are powerful
      - Preferences are coherent and stable. People follow the flow because they preferred doing the same as everyone else. "Simple model of herd behaviour" where herd generates informational cascades: the information on which the first people base their decision will have an outsized influence on what all the others believe
        
        As fads (whims, crazes) can be rationalised by standard preferences, so can sticking to social norms. The basic idea is that those who violate the norm will be punished by the rest of the community
      - Leading to the polarisation
        
        What explains this polarisation? :red_flag: Answer is -> the expansion of the internet and the explosion of social media
        
        There are only 4.7 "degrees of separation" between any two people in the giant component
        
        Polarisation has increased not only among online users, but also in other spheres of life
        
        Traditional news media
    - - the source if the different behaviours in the trust game seem to be suspicion rather than animosity
    - - People perform differently when they are reminded of their group identity
        
        Ephemeral social constructs of set of skills typical for particular groups/race
      - undermines confidence and test performance
    - - preferences that concern other human beings
        
        the fact that it is easy to divide as well as the fact that it is possible to reunite
    - - tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others
        
        it doesn't have to be a negative view of anyone else <= it is just easier to be with people who speak the same language
- - - - Misjudgments of ones needs
        
        Absence of much contact
        
        Wrong beliefs can lead to misperception of the unseen groups => the worry has more to do with identity than with economic anxiety
        
        People choice's are coherent, in the sense of being thought out rather than a collection of random acts of whimsy. It is patronising and wrong-headed that society routinely overrules people's choices
        
        When poor buy a TV instead of food, they value entertainment more that food. They make the decision too relief the endemic problem of boredom of monotony of everyday life. Would we blame them for that spending?
      - intensification of apparently bizarre preferences and/or extreme political views
        
        don't get exposed to other points of view => end up with multiple closed groups with contrasting opinions and very little capacity for communication respectfully with each other
        
        once real people embrace this cardboard cutout predictability, it becomes that much easier to invent characters and fake profiles and inject them into an online coversation :warning: scry reality of bots talking to each other
    - - This fight is against the bureaucratisation, impersonality and discrimination
  - - - encourage parents to tell their children not that they should be nice, but that they are nice, and all they have to do is to behave in conformity with their natural kindness
    - - to combat prejudice may not be to directly engage with people's views natural as that might seem => convince citizens it is worth their while to engage with other policy issues
- - - - The emotional value we put on beliefs about ourselves also lead us to distort our beliefs about others
  - - - instinctive defensive reaction => robust arguments => any disagreement with our views has to be either an insinuation of moral failure on our part OR a questioning of our intelligence => we get violent in SR (xenophobia)
        
        That it is easy to divide is a strong reason to be extremely frightened by the xenophobes and the cynical manipulators of xenophobia who rule so many countries today
- - - - schools and universities are the key
        
        durably affects preferences
      - socialisation