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Chapter 7 Psychology (Penfield's study of the interpretive cortex…

- - - - Relay Neurons
        connect sensory neurons to motor neurons as they do not connect directly. relay neutrons also connect to other relay neutrons.
        They have Short dendrites and Short axons.
      - Motor Neurons
        carry messages from CNS to effectors in our body (muscles and glands).
        They have Short dendrites and Long axons.
      - sensory Neurons
        carry messages from the PNS to the CNS.
        They have Long dendrites and Short axons.
- - - - Learning produces an engram
        learning leaves a trace (engram) in the brain. Made permanent if we practise/ rehearse.
        
        Cell assemblies and neuronal growth
        during learning, groups of neutrons (cell assemblies) fire together. More this happens = stronger the synaptic connections. Leads to group of neutrons becoming more efficient. They chan change physical and grow ( neuronal growth)
        Cells that fire together, wire together.
- - - - Parietal lobe (contains somatosensory area)
        Separated from frontal lobe by a long ridge (central sulcus).
        At the front is the somatosensory area where sensations like touch, heat, pressure, etc are processed.
      - Occipital lobe (contains visual area)
        At the back of the brain.
        Each eye sends info to the visual areas on each side of the brain.
      - Temporal lobe (contains auditory/ language area)
        Auditory area - related to hearing.
        Includes part of the language area - Wernicke's area ( usually on left side only)
      - Frontal lobe (contains motor area)
        Located at the front of the brain.
        Controls thinking, planning.
        Includes motor area, long strip at the back, controls movement.
        Also contains one language area - Broca's area ( usually on left side only)
  - - - Bronca's area
        Paul Bronca ( surgeon working in late 1800s)
        Identified area in frontal lobe, controls speech production.
        Damage leads to Broca's aphasia ( a difficulty remembering and forming words).
      - Wernicke's area
        Karl Wernicke.
        Located in left temporal lobe.
        Damage may result in Wernicke's aphasia (difficulty understanding language and unable to produce meaningful speech).
- - - - The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
        'automatic'
        Not controlled, involuntary.
        (such as breathing, heart rate and digestion) - vital to life
        
        Sympathetic nervous system
        Physiological state of arousal - breathing ate increases, heart beats rapidly.
        Prepares body for fight or flight ( as a means of coping with stress)
        
        Parasympathetic nervous system
        Works oppositely to sympathetic.
        Rest and digest returns body to normal resting rate after stress or threat has passed.
      - The somatic nervous system (SNS)
        controls voluntary movement