Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

CH 25&26 (Phylogenies show evolutionary history (What can and cannot…

- - - - organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group with an R group and a H
    - - U,G,C,T
    - - made it possible for life to begin
      - 1st atmosphere had little oxygen, mainly filled with water vapor, and elements released form volcano eruption ( N, oxides, CH4, NH3, H)
      - as Earth cooled oceans beagn to form on the land and H was released into space
    - - hypothesized the Earths atmosphere was reducing (electron adding) environment where organic compounds could turn into simple molecules
      - created an in-lab environment that matched the earth 4 bya and was able to produce amino acids that we can find today
      - a reducing atmosphere lacks O2 and allows the formation of complex molecules
      - lightening and UV radiation could have provided the energy needed for the synthesis of organic molecules
      - Neutral Atmosphere
        
        hypothesized the early atmosphere was neither reducing or oxidizing
        
        atmosphere consisted primarily of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
        
        conducted an experiment with an in-lab neutral atmosphere and was able to produce organic molecules
    - - alkaline vents:deep sea vents where water releases with a high pH(9-11) and is warm(40C-90C), which is more suitable for the origin of life
      - black smokers: vents that rekease suoer hot water (300C-400C), unsuitable for the origin of life
  - - - can occur spontaneously from simpler molecules( no enzymes/ribosomes)
      - dropping RNA nucleotide/amino acids onto hot clay/sand/rock scientist were able to produce polymers of the molecules
  - - - increased the formation of vesicle production
      - clay was abundant at the time
      - vesicles were able to absorb the clay which could have carried organic molecules/elements
  - - - create complementary short pieces RNA
    - - produced self replicating ribosomes
      - RNA is capable of making a variety of shapes some replicate faster than others
      - depending on the environment the most suitable RNA were replicated
- - - - stramatolites :prokaryotes that frozen on ice
    - - diversity of organisms
      - identify the new organisms
    - - skeletons
      - species that existed for a long time
      - hard shells
  - - - parent decays into the daughter isotope at a constant rate
      - Half-life:rate of decay, time it takes for the paresnt isotope to decay 50%
        
        not affected by temperature, pressure, environmental variables
        
        ex: Half life of C-14 5,730 years
    - - living organisms contain C-12 and C-14
      - once an organism dies it stops accumulating carbon
        
        C-12 does not change over time
        
        C-14 starts to decay into N-14
        
        measuring the ratio between C-14 and C-12 can determine the fossils age
  - - - evolved form tetrapods (synapsis)
      - contain unique structures that have been fossilized that separate them as species
      - structures evolve to match their environments
- - - - stromatolites: layers of rock that from when colonies of prokaryotes bind and form fills of sediment (fossil)
      - first singled celled organisms
    - - photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria must have evolved before 2.7 bya)
      - O2 was produced by the splitting of water in photosynthesis
      - O2 produced was released in the surroundings
        
        saturated the ocean with oxygen
        
        some oxygen was dissolved onto the water giving it and increased concentration reacting with its surroundings
        
        iron precipitated into iron oxide producing sediments that were compressed into bands of iron on rocks
      - "gas out"
        
        O2 was released into the atmosphere
        
        caused iron to rust and changed the environment as a whole
        
        oxygen revolution: 2.7-2.4 bya the amount of O2 in the atmosphere went from 1% to 10%
        
        caused a major changes on environment that made typical lif incapable at the time
        
        new adaptions formed
  - - - evolved from prokaryotes
      - endosymbiosis:prokaryotic cell engulfed a small cell that then evolved into an organelle for an Eukaryotic cells
        
        endosymbiont;(engulfed) mitochondria and plastids
        
        serial endosymbiosis: hypothesis that mitochondria evolved before plastids through though the serious of endosymbiotic events
        
        could of had a parasitic relationship that then became mutual
        
        evidence of origin or mitochondria/platids
        
        can reproduces similarly as bacteria
        
        have cellular machinery to transcribe/translate DNA
        
        RNA is more similar to bacterial than to eukaryotes
        
        inner membranes have both enzyme,es/transport systems that are homologous to current bacteria
    - - ediacaran period
        
        algae/plants/fungi/animals
        
        600 mya larger and more diverse animals began to rise
        
        soft body animals appear .6 bya
  - - - Mesozoic (.252 bya-.066 bya)
        
        dinosaur era .2 bya
        
        origin.25 bya of mammals
      - Cenozoic (.066 bya-present)
        
        diversification of mammals and new species
        
        genus homo .025 bya (195000 mya)
      - Paleozoic (.53 bya-.252 bya)
        
        cambrian explosion: many phylum increase to what we see present day
        
        diversification of plants and animals
        
        changed organisms
        
        crated predators
        
        armored organisms for defense
        
        animals began to colonize the land
        
        origin of reptiles .4 bya (dominant)
        
        anthropods 1st to colonize .450 bya
        
        plants and fungi colonized the land together at times
        
        fungi were located at the roots to help plants get nutrients
        
        vascular systems were adapted ti help with transportation of water/nutrients
        
        before this all animals were soft bodied
- - - - Pangea:250 mya a super-continent was formed
        
        extinction of organisms for the ones who do not adapt to new changes
        
        new opportunities for new adaptions
        
        changed dramatic climate affected organisms habitats
      - promotes allopatirc speciation
        
        the separation of continents cause the gene pool to be cut off, and new separate environments creating new species
      - helps explain the geographic distribution of organisms
        
        scientist have discovered fossils that belong to similar species in 2 separate parts of the Earth
  - - - recorded up to 5 mya
      - 50% of aquatic life became extinct in each extinction
      - Permian Extinction
        
        the most damaging extinction
        
        occurred between the paleozoic and the mesozoic eras (252 mya)
        
        96% of marine life became extinct
        
        terrestrial life was also hugely affectede
        
        caused by a volcanic eruption
        
        covered the earth with thick layers of lava
        
        produced enough CO2 to warm up the atmosphere
        
        dropped pH levels in bodies of water causing ocean acidification and also warmed up the atmosphere
        
        dropped O2 levels
      - Cretaceuos Extinction
        
        66 mya
        
        over half of the marine/terrestrial (dinos) life became extinct
        
        caused by a large asteroid/comet crashing into the earth
        
        iridium (comes from asteroids) was enriched in clay which covered up the whole earth in a huge cloud of debris blocking the sun and disturbing climate
        
        Chicxulub crater Yucatan peninsula
    - - we can't truly prove that its is on its way but there is support making it look probable
      - humans are speeding up the process of extinction of species and environments
      - increase in the climate temperature
    - - effects last a long time
      - once a lineage is wiped out it is completely gone
      - takes millions of years to recover all the way
      - change organisms by bringing certain traits it used to have or giving them new ones
  - - - mammals underwent major adaptive radiation after the extinction of dinosaurs
        
        expanded in size and diversity
        
        filled new ecological rolls
      - rise of photosynthetic prokaryotes
      - cambrian explosion
      - every radiation of species came with evolutionary innovations
      - roles can change within organisms of different species
    - - over limited geographic areas
      - few organisms go over to a distant location where the is less competition
      - The islands at Hawaii each started off "naked" and was each populated by different kinds of species
      - rise in natural selection and diversity
      - species are unique
- - - - growth rate can go based off the other body parts
      - yields the growth rates for each species
- - - - species:2nd part of the naming system, its unique to each species within the genus
      - genus:1st part of the naming system which the species belongs to
  - - - Class
      - Order
      - Phylum
      - Family
      - Genus
      - Kingdom
      - Species
      - Domain: largest group
        
        Archaea
        
        Eukarya
        
        Bacteria
  - - - can match hierarchy classification
    - - if an organism is classified wrong then it will be reclassified based off the evolutionary history
      - it can only distinguish groups not their evolutionary relationships to one another
      - based on issues scientists want classification to be based entirely off evulutionary relationships
- - - - more similar complex structures=homologous
      - shared many portions of nucleotides=homologous
      - although some species being compared have major difference but their genetic difference may be small= homologous
  - - - computors are used to dectect the mutations/deletions
- - - - morphological differences
      - paleontology evidence
      - gene sequencing
      - embryonic development
  - - - "Occam's Razor"; after William Occum said to take the simplest solution and getting rid of unnecessary complications
    - - certain systematic can help determine most parsimonious tree
- - - - orthologous genes: homology is a result of a speciation event and occurs in genes found in different species
        
        can only occur after speciation, once genes are found in the gene pool
      - paralogous genes:occurs from gene duplication: multiple copies of these genes have diverges from one another within a species
- - - - can get genes from prokaryotes as well