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Cardiovascular System Annabel Quintero Period 7 (Anatomy of the heart…
Cardiovascular System Annabel Quintero Period 7
Major functions of the
cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes)
Transport of nutrients
oxygen
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
4 chambers
Left and Right Atrium
Left and Right ventricle
Valves
tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
pulmonary semilunar valve ( pulmonic valve)
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
aortic valve (left semilunar valve) (left arterial valve)
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
pulmonary trunk
Left and Right pulmonary artery
Left and Right pulmonary vein
aorta
brachiocephalic artery
left common cartoid
left subclavian artery
trabecula carnea
apex
intraventricular septum
intraventricular sulcus
chordae tendae
papillary muscle
Layers of the
heart
Epicardium
outermost layer of the heart wall and a thin layer of serous membrane that helps to lubricate and protect the outside of the heart
Myocardium
muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the cardiac muscle tissue and makes up the majority of the thickness and mass of the heart wall and is the part of the heart responsible for pumping blood
Endocardium
lines the inside of the heart and is responsible for keeping blood from sticking to the inside of the heart and forming potentially deadly blood clots
blood flow through the heart and body
Deoxygenated blood returning from the body first enters the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava
The blood enters the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
From the right ventricle, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary trunk carries blood to the lungs where it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen
The blood in the lungs returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins
From the pulmonary veins, blood enters the heart again in the left atrium
The left atrium contracts to pump blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
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Major arteries and veins of the body
arteries
axillary artery
brachial artery
subclavian artery
radial artery
common carotid artery
ulnar artery
brachiocephalic trunk
common iliac artery
abdominal aorta
femoral artery
thoracic aorta
anterior tibial artery
aortic arch
fibular artery
ascending aorta
veins
cephalic vein
internal jugular vein
superior vena cava
external jugular vein
brachiocephalic vein
femoral vein
subclavian vein
great saphenous vein
axillary vein
external iliac vein
brachial vein
internal iliac vein
ulnar veins
common iliac vein
radial veins
inferior vena cava
basilic vein
structural and
functional differences between blood vessel types
artery
The middle layer (tunica media) is thicker
The inner layer (tunica intima) is the thinnest layer, comprised of a single layer of endothelium
the blood is pumped under pressure from the heart, so backflow cannot occur
veins
The thick outermost layer of a vessel (tunica adventitia or tunica externa) is made of connective tissue
contain numerous one-direction valves that prevent backflow
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Atrial systole
The atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. To facilitate this filling, the AV valves stay open and the semilunar valves stay closed to keep arterial blood from re-entering the heart
Ventricular systole
The ventricles contract to push blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The pressure of the ventricles forces the semilunar valves to open and the AV valves to close. This arrangement of valves allows for blood flow from the ventricles into the arteries. The cardiac muscles of the atria repolarize and enter the state of diastole
Relaxation phase
All 4 chambers of the heart are in diastole as blood pours into the heart from the veins. The AV valves open to allow blood to flow freely into the ventricles while the semilunar valves close to prevent the regurgitation of blood from the great arteries into the ventricles.
The electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a non-invasive device that measures and monitors the electrical activity of the heart through the skin. The EKG produces a distinctive waveform in response to the electrical changes taking place within the heart.
The first part of the wave, called the P wave, is a small increase in voltage of about 0.1 mV that corresponds to the depolarization of the atria during atrial systole
The next wave is the QRS complex which features a small drop in voltage (Q) a large voltage peak (R) and another small drop in voltage (S)
The QRS complex corresponds to the depolarization of the ventricles during ventricular systole
The atria also repolarize during the QRS complex, but have almost no effect on the EKG because they are so much smaller than the ventricles
The final wave is the T wave which represents the ventricular repolarization during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
disorders of the
cardiovascular system
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off
endocarditis and myocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves and heart muscle
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
the sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain
congenital heart disease
a problem with the structure of the heart
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to your limbs