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A 60 year old lady suffering from a heart attack (Background Information…
A 60 year old lady suffering from a heart attack
Background Information
Pathway of blood through heart
Right side of the heart
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava .
Coronary sinus
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
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Left side of the heart
Four pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
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Coronary circulation
Functional blood supply to heart muscle
Coronary arteries
Supplies arterial blood to heart and is arise from aorta
Heart receives 1/20th of the total body's blood
Coronary veins
Coronary sinus
Transfer blood to right atrium and is made by merged cardiac veins
Cardiac veins
Collects blood from capillary tubes
Heart Valves
Unidirectional blood flow through heart
Atrioventricular valve
Prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve
Right AV valve and is made up of three cusps
Mitral valve
Left AV valve and is made up to two cusps
Papillary muscle
Projected in ventricular cavity and anchors chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae
It is attached to heart valves and anchor cusps of papillary muscles
Hold valve flaps in closed position
Prevents flaps from everting back into atria
Semilunar valves
Prevent back flow from the major arteries back into ventricles
Pulmonary valve
Right SL valve that is between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
Left SL valve that is between left ventricle and aorta
Anatomy of heart
Right side
Receives deoxygenated blood from tissues
Pulmonary Circuit
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to avoid carbon dioxide and pick oxygen
Left side
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Systemic Circuit
Pumps oxygenated blood in body tissues
Receiving chambers of heart
Right atrium
Receives the blood returning from systemic circuit through veins
Left atrium
Receives the blood returning from pulmonary circuit through veins
Pumping chambers of heart
Right ventricle
Pumps blood from Pulmonary circuit through arteries
Left ventricle
Pumps blood from systemic circuit through arteries
Sounds of heart
There are two sounds that are associated with heart valves
Lup-Dup is the sound that is caused S1 and S2
S1
Closing of AV valves at the origination of ventricular systole
S2
Closing of SL valves at the origination of ventricular diastole
Mitral valve closes closes before tricuspid and aortic closes before pulmonary valve
Heart's size, location and orientation
Location
Heart is located in the mediastinum that is between second rib and fifth intercostal, on the surface superior to diaphragm.
Orientation
Apical impulse
Adjoined between fifth and sixth ribs.
Apex
It points towards the left hip
Base
It is the posterior surface that leans towards the right shoulder
Size
It weighs less than a pound and is the size of a fist
Layers of heart
Pericardium
Double surrounding layer of heart
Fibrous pericardium
(superficial layer)
Serous pericardium
(Deep two layers)
Parietal layer
Lines internal surface
Visceral layer
Lines external surface
Layers of heart wall
Myocardium
Spiral bundle of cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium
Inner most layer
Epicardium
Top most layer
Concept of heart rate, stroke and cardiac output
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle with each heartbeat
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in a minute
Heart rate
Speed of heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute
Relationship between heart function and blood pressure
Heart function
The heart pumps blood, it receives deoxygenated blood, recycles it and then supplies oxygenated blood to body
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood on the arteries as heart pumps it around the body
As Heart squeezes and pushes blood through the arteries, the blood pressure goes up and when heart relaxes, the blood pressure goes down, with each heartbeat, the blood pressure rises to a maximum level and then fall to a minimum level.
Causes
Indirect Cause
The abnormal blood pressure, heartbeat and a history of obesity
Direct Cause
Permanent damage to the papillary muscle of the left ventricle
Downstream effects
The damage of papillary muscle that resulted in a failure of the mitral valve to close and the abnormal blood pressure affects the breathing that effect respiratory system**