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8F-History of the Universe (Content References (https://www.illustris…

- - - - THE BIG BANG
        
        The first second
        
        The Planck Epoch (which for the foreseeable future, we will be blind to), quantum gravity splits into 3 forces, the electroweak force splits and inflation, for an infinitesimal amount of time, expands the universe at a rate much faster than the speed of light. Matter starts condensing from pure energy—quarks form, hadrons form, and at t=1, neutrinos decouple. These ancient neutrinos are the oldest things we could ever possibly observe directly with the physics we know today.
        
        Use familiar to give context. In the time it takes you to snap your finger and hear the sound, how big/hot is the early universe? At what point is the early universe the size of a grapefruit? At what point is space as hot as a cup of coffee?
        
        From 1s to 10s, leptons like electrons form
        
        From 10s-16minutes, protons and neutrons form the first atomic nuclei. The universe is still too hot for electrons to bind to nuclei to form atoms, so the universe is an opaque soup of plasma. After ~16 minutes, photons start to form, and the universe for the next 370k years is an expanding, opaque, glowing plasma.
        
        370k years, the first atoms form, which causes space to become transparent, and the first photons immediately scatter. These ancient photons are the CMB, which, if you could see the full spectrum of light, would be faintly visible in the night sky. It’s a snapshot of the infant universe.
      - THE FIRST STAR - ~150-300M Years
      - EARLY STAR FORMATION
      - EARLY GALAXY FORMATION
      - MILKY WAY FORMATION
      - The Future - 4 possible scenarios depending on physics we don’t yet understand
        
        Proton decay / heat death
        
        Big Rip
        
        Big Crunch
        
        Vacuum Decay / Laws of physics rewritten
      - STAR DEATH AND REBIRTH - SUPERNOVA
      - COLLAPSE OF PROTOPLANETARY DUST CLOUD
      - BIRTH OF THE SUN
      - FORMATION OF THE EARTH
      - FORMATION OF THE MOON
      - HADEAN EON
      - ARCHEAN EON
      - EARLY LIFE FORMS
      - OXYGENTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
      - FIRST COMPLEX CELLED LIFE
      - PROTEROZOIC EON
      - SNOWBALL EARTH
      - FIRST MULTI-CELLULAR LIFE
      - CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
      - ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
      - RISE OF MAMMALS
- - - - Intuitively, and on time/space scales we’re familiar with, it feels like the universe is static / In reality, we’re surfing a single giant wave of expanding spacetime
      - Inflation and the big bang are the same / Actually, the big bang is "the beginning," while inflation is something that happened awhile after the beginning, which accounts for the relative smoothness of the microwave background radiation.
      - We really can’t see back that far in time / actually, our physics holds up to literally a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the beginning.