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Nutrition Ch. 13: Lecture 2 (Anthropometric Data (is related to physical…
Nutrition Ch. 13: Lecture 2
History Info
Medical
age
current complaints
past complaints
family medical history
allergies
mental/emotional abuse
chronic disease risk
Medication and supplement History
prescription drugs
dietary
over-the-counter drugs
dietary and herbal supplements
Personal and Social history
employment status
education level
socioeconomic status
cultural/ethnic identity
religious beliefs
cognitive abilities
home/family situation
use of tobacco/drugs (illegal)
Food and Nutrition intake
food intake
dietary restriction
physical activity and exercise habits
alcohol consumption
food allergies and intolerance
knowledge of health and nutrition
food availability
Dietary Assess Methods
obtaining accurate food intake data is challenge and results depend on pts memory and honesty
several methods can be used
24 Hour recall
guided interview where person recounts all foods and beverages consumed in 24 hour period
all foods and beverages
time of day eaten
food prep
amounts consumed
typical day
Typical day
rely heavily on patient memory and accuracy
Food Frequency Questionnaire
survey for food and beverages regularly consumed during a specific time period
some are qualitative or semi-quantitative
asked to estimate food intakes over one year period- results should not be affected by seasonal diet
disadvantage: inability to determine recent changes in food intake
Food Record
is a written account of foods/ beverages consumers during specific time period
done over several days
recorded as consumed
not relied on memory
includes types and amounts of food and beverages, time, and methods for prep
great deal of time to complete and people need to be highly motivated
the process may influence food intake
Direct Observation
when a facility serves meals, food intake can be directly observed and analyzed
can reveal food preference, change in appetite, and any problems with prescribed diet
Ex: Kcalorie counting or Time consuming
Anthropometric Data
is related to physical measurements of human
can reveal problems with over nutrient and protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
common to evaluate growth in children and nutrition status in adults
Height: adults and older children
Length: infants, less than 24 months, any child,/adult that can not stand
Weight: body mass index, healthy at 18-24.5
head circumference: assesses brain development up to 3 yrs old, measurement is read to nearest 1/3 of an inch
circumference of waist and limbs: evaluates body fat and muscle mass, waist correlates with intra-abdominal fat, often used together with the skin folds measure
Biochemical Analysis
provides info about: protein energy nutrition, vitamin and mineral status, fluid and electrolyte balance, organ functioning
completed with analysis of blood and urine samples
repeated measures more helpful than single value and this way it can be determined if condition is improving or worsening
challenge is factors can influence a test result
protein affected by fluid imbalance, pregnancy, infection
variety of tests are generally needed for a dx of a nutrition problem
Plasma Protein
Albumin
most abundant
slow to reflect changes in status
Transferrin
transports iron
indicates PEM and iron status
slow to detect changes in status
Prealbumin and Retinol-binding protein
also called transthyretin
responds quickly to changes in protein status
expensive test
Fluid Imbalance
accompany some illnesses and result from certain medications
be aware of physical signs of fluid retention and dehydration
Edema
wgt gain
facial puffiness
swelling limbs
tight-fitting shoes
abdominal distention
Causes: Disease of heart, kidney, liver, lungs
Dehydration
thirst
dry skin/mouth
reduced skin tension
dark yellow/ amber urine with low volume
Causes: fever, sweating, vomit, diarrhea, and burns