Cardiovascular system
Blood
Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to vertebrates.
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Delivers oxygen to organs and tissues
Fights infections
Stick together to form clots
Plasma
55% water
Contains: Protein, Glucose, Mineral ions, hormones, & carbon
Blood Cell Disorders
Thalassemia
Anaemia
Sickle Cell
Haemophilia
Leukemia
Blood Cancer (Malignant white blood cells multiply inside bone marrow) & involves production of abnormal WBC'S
RESULT: Difficult for body to fight off infection, control bleeding & transport oxygen
Chromosome Translocation: A portion of 1 chromosome breaks off & attaches to different chromosome.
Red blood cells become the shape of a sickle and break down
leaves a shortage of RBC'S
Group of inherited blood disorders
CAUSED BY: genetic mutations the present normal production of hemoglobin(carried oxygen)
NEED: Blood transfusion and to maintain healthy RBC'S
RESULTS: Enlarged spleen, bone deformity and heart problems
Lack of blood
RESULTS: Fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, dizziness, or a fast heartbeat.
Blood doesn't clot normally
Excessive bleeding
RESULTS: many large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling, unexplained bleeding, and blood in urine or stool.
Blood groups
B
A
AB
O
AB+ Universal Plasma donor
O- Can be given to anyone yet, still might have bad results
Myths of blood donation:
Can't donate because low iron
Can't donate because diabetic
Can't donate because High Blood Pressure
Can't donate because I take medication
Can't donate because high cholesterol
Can't donate because tattoo
As long as blood pressure is below 180 systolic and 100 diastolic
Iron rich foods help blood production
It must've been done by a licensed artist
sit must be clean, dry and pain free
has to be 24hrs after last dose of antibiotics and symptom free
Closed system to heart & blood vessels
Heart pumps blood
Blood vessels circulate blood to all parts of body
Function:
Location:
Covering:
Wall:
Delivers oxygen and nutrients
Takes out Carbon Dioxide & waste
Base of right shoulder & sits at 2nd rib
Pericardium
Visceral pericardium(epicardium)
Parietal Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Double Serous Membrane (Produces serous fluid)
Closest to heart
Outer layer (sac)
Space between visceral & parietal
Contains serous fluid ( reduces friction when heart is pumping)
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Inner layer
Outer layer
Middle layer (muscle layer)
Types of Circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic Circulation
Coronary Circulation
Blood flows to myocardium
Coronary Arteries: Supplies blood to heart
Cardiac Veins: Carries blood away from heart
heart to lungs with Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs to heart with Pulmonary veins
WHOLE blood flow
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valves(AV)
Semilunar Valves
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve
3 flaps
2 Flaps
Prevents blood from right ventricle from re-entering right atrium
Prevents blood from leaving left ventricle & going back into left Atrium
Between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk
Prevent blood from re-entering right ventricle from pulmonary trunk
Between left ventricle & Aorta
Prevents blood from Aorta back into left ventricle
Cardiac Cycle(1 Complete Heart Beat)
Mid-to-late Diastole(relaxed)
-Both ventricles & atria are in middle or late phase of relaxation
-Ventricles are being filled with blood
Early Diastole
-Beginning phase of relaxation
-Atria finish filling and Ventricle pressure is low
Ventricular Systole(Contraction)
-When ventricles are filled with blood & pressure builds up
-Ventricles contract; pushing blood out to Aorta or Pulmonary Arteries
Heart Sounds
Lub: Caused by opening and closing of Av Valves (LONG)
Dub: Caused by opening and closing of Semilunar Valves (SHORT)
Elements of Intrinsic Conduction
System: **SA Node -->> AV Node -->> AV Bundle -->> Bundle Branches -->> Purkinje Fibers -->> Ventricular Wall**
Sinoatrial(S-A) Node : "Pacemaker"
-LOCATED: Right Atrium ; Starts heart beat & sets pace
-Sequential Stimulation occurs at other Autorhythmic cells
Atrioventricular (A-V) Node : at junction between Atria & ventricles
Atrioventicular (AV) Bundle (bundle of his)
-Right and left bundle branches
- LOCATED: at the interventricular septum
Purkinje Fibers
-Specialized myocardial muscle fibers
-Conduct electrical impulse; spread within muscles of ventricular wall
Vascular System
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries
Venules
Arterioles
-Branched from Arteries
-Farther from heart
-Small, then become smaller to capillaries
-Major blood vessels
-Carry blood away from heart
-Smallest blood vessels
-Sites of gas exchange between blood & tissue cells
-Returns blood back to heart
-"Small veins"
-Connects capillaries & veins
Blood Vessel Anatomy
Tunica(layer) Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Endothelium (inner lining of Blood Vessels)
Middle, Smooth muscle layer; controls (Sympathetic NS) diameter of Blood Vessels
Outermost, Fibrous connective tissue
Cardiovascular Disorders
Pericarditis
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infraction
Murmur
Valve Stenosis
Fibrillation
Varicose veins
Crushing chest pain from lack of blood in myocardium
Indication of a myocardial infraction(heart attack)
pain may be due to sore chest muscles
Inflammation of pericardium
Commonly Caused By: viral infections which cause fluid build up in the pericardial cavity & stops heart from expanding & contracting to pump blood
Heart muscle cells die due to lack of blood
Caused by: Atherosclerosis(Narrowing of the coronary arteries)
Symptoms: Angina Pectoris(chest pain), pain down left arm, shortness of breath, fever, & vomiting
Abnormal/irregular heart sounds
Caused By: Valve Stenosis
Defect in valves failing to open which makes heart pump harder
Can happen to ANY valve
-worst case is the mitral valve stenosis
Rapid uncoordinated shuddering of myocardium; preventing heart from acting as a pump
Caused By: defect in intrinsic conduction system, specifically the SA node(pacemaker)
swollen, twisted, typically in legs, skeletal muscles pushing on vein forcing it towards surface
Caused By: when valves in veins dont work & cause flow or pooling of blood