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Urinary and Reproductive Diseases: Lecture 1 (Leptospirosis (mostly in…
Urinary and Reproductive Diseases: Lecture 1
Structure
females have distinct urinary and reproductive system
male system shares some components
kidney- removes waste from blood
nephron- filters blood
ureters- carry urine to bladder
bladder-stores urine until full
urethra- leads to outside; portal of entrance for microorganisms
females 4cm long
males 20 cm long
Reproductive system
Female
two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia
bacteria enter urethra or vagina through intercourse
normal microbiome keeps vagina at a pH level of 4.5
the pH level helps stop the growth of pathogens
Male
testes, scrotum, system or ducts, accessory glands, penis
enter through urethra and skin or penis including foreskin
Microbiome
urethra supports growth of some normal natural flora
includes lactobacillus. streptococcus, staphylococcus
other urinary organs and urine are considered sterile because of acidic pH of urine
male-regions above prostrate are sterile
Vagina
home to a variety of hormones; estrogen is #1
when estrogen rises they will make glycogen and lactobilli and convert into lactic acid
the acid will kill of infection
the prepubescent have little estrogen and more susceptible to infection.
urethra and vagina will use microbial antagonism
microorganisms in the urethra rarely move up the ureters into the kidney
then sexually transmitted infections can infect the reproductive system
UTI
mild urethritis, cystitis, polynephritis
when bacteria enters bloodstream can get bacteremia
mostly affect elderly
of the million infected a year- 6000 are from the hospital
s/s: slight fever, frequent/urgent painful urination, cloudy urine/bloody, foul odor
enteric bacteria is most common cause or E.Coli in 705 of cases
include flagella and attach fimbriae to help climb up urethra
caused by fecal bacteria in urethra
common in women and diabetics, nursing home people
dx by urinalysis
Treatment: with antimicrobial drugs like PCN
prevent limit fecal contamination and wipe away right way
Leptospirosis
mostly in animals but can spread to people
enters through mucous membrane and skin abrasions
s/s: sudden fever, muscle aches and stiffness, rarely fatal, 1/3 had a dry cough
over 200 strains
make adhesions to attach to cells and move rapid in a corkscrew pattern
transmitted by contact with contaminate urine in water or from animals
take up to 2-26 days to progress
travel to bloodstream through body and live in kidneys
rare in U.S
risk: farmers, vets, butchers, ranchers, swim in contaminated water
dx based on antibody test
treat with antimicrobial drugs
prevent by avoiding contaminated water