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A 70-year-old female with viral infection in her lungs (Physiology…
A 70-year-old female with viral infection in her lungs
Anatomy
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Pharynx
Passageway for air and food; facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
Larynx
Air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; voice production
Nose
Produces mucus; filters; warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech; receptors for sense of smell
Alveoli
Main sites of gas exchange; reduces surface tension; helps prevent lung collapse
Three cells
Type 1 alveolar cells:
Squamous epithelial cells
Type 2 alveolar cells
Cuboidal cells
Respiratory membrane/ Red Blood cells
Trachea
Air passageway:; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air;
Lungs
House repertory passage smaller than the main bronchi
Bronchial Tree
Air passageway connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warm, and moistens incoming air
Paranasal sinuses
Same as for nose except no receptors for sense of smell
Pleurae
Produces lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs
Upper and lower respiratory tracts
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Formed by hyaline cartilage, bone, and dense irregular connective tissue covered externally by skin
First structure of the conducting passageway
Sinuses
Four types:
Ethmoidal
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Maxillary
Lined with pseudo stratified, columnar epithelium
Nasal Cavity
Extends from nostrils to choanae- paired openings leading into the pharynx
Cavity floor consists of hard and soft palates; cavity roof consisting of nasal, fontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Functions
Warming- blood vessels dilate in response to cold temperatures; causing blood flow to increase
Cleaning- inhaled microbes, dust , and other foreign materials get trapped in mucus
Humidification- moisture in the cavity rises humidity levels in the air as it passes through
Pharaynx
Lateral walls are up of skeletal muscle
Throat
Three Regions
Nasopharynx
Lined with pseudo pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Laryngopharynx
Posterior to larynx
Passageway for air and nurtients
Lined by nonkeritanized, sdtranitcified, squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
Passageway for air and nutrients
Posterior to oral cavity, extends from salt palate superiority to hyoid bone inferiority
Transports air and nutrients from the mouth
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Passageway of air called the "windpipe"
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Aveoli
Where external gas exchange happens
Lung Anatomy from cell to organ
There major types of cells
Type 2 areolar cells
Are made up of cuboidal epithelial cells
Secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
Alveolar macrophages
Crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and other debris
Type 1 alveolar cells
Walls of the alveoli composed of single layer of squamous epithelial
Alveoli
Alveolar Duct
Respiratory bronchiole
Terminal bronchioles (tiniest)
Bronchioles
Smaller and smaller bronchi (fourth-order, firth-order, etc.)
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Upstream
Indirect
Behavior
Not taking proper care of herself
Smoking
Inhaling pollution
Indoor pollution from secondhand smoke, mold, dust, household chemicals, radon, etc.
Lack of exercise
Lack of knowledge on how elevation affects the respiratory system
Prior diseases
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Sepsis
Exposure to toxins
Direct
Viral infection of the lungs
Age
Family History
Genetic changes
Factors inter-related
Location
The higher in elevation the harder to get oxygen
Viral infection
Can lead to other infections
Age
Normal aging process can slow down your respiratory system
Lung capacity is lessened and/or chest muscles are weaker
Downstream
Age
Normal aging process can slow down your respiratory system
Lung capacity is lessened and/or chest muscles are weaker
Reduce O2 perfusion
Respiratory muscles weaken
Lack of exercise
Causes the lungs to weaken
Rib cage stiffens
Bronchial tubes and air sacs lose elasticity
Lungs lose their bouce
Gradually become more flaccid or limp
Ways to to minimize the effects of agin lungs
Exercise
Do aerobic exercise
Stop smoking/ Continue to not smoke
Get pneumonia vaccine and flu shots as needed
Maintain a healthy weight
Location
Percentage of O2 doesn't change; the barometric pressure however decreases
Causes the O2 partial pressure to decrease
Elevation makes harder to get oxygen
Low O2 causes the more CO2 in our body
But when lungs can't remove enough CO2 causes the pH blood and other bodily fluid to decrease
Which makes them to acidic
Leads to respiratory acidosis
High altitudes affects ventilation of the lungs
Low level of O2 is an increased ventilation of the lungs (incr. tidal volume and frequency)
Leads to an excessive loss of CO2
Causing the pH of blood to shift more alkaline
Overall can cause hypoxia
Viral infection
Can lead to other infections such as
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Airway obstruction from damaged alveoli walls
Sepsis
Infection of blood
Asthma
Inflammation narrows your airway and blocks them
Pneumonia
The alveoli fill with fluid
Limits oxygen intake
Directly causing the problem and untreated effects
Age, location, and viral infection are all the things that are causing the problems
The fluids in the alveoli are limiting oxygen intake
So it's causing her to hyperventilate and wet, wheezy cough
If untreated
Low levels of O2 will cause loss of conscious
Airway are going to get block
Will cause other disease
Eventually lead to death
Interaction within respiratory system and other systems
Circulatory system
Low levels of O2 will cause conscious loss
If continues she is going to need IV antibiotics and IV fluids
Cardiovascular system
Heart rate increase b/c O2 is trying to get to the rest of the body
Heart will get tire
Heart rate will decrease
Going to pass out
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help produce volume changes that lead to pulmonary ventilation
If muscles weaken then is going to decrease the respiratory efficiency
Immune system
Provides O2 and disposes CO2; tonsils in pharynx house immune cells
Helps maintain blood volume require for respiratory gas transport
Protects respiratory organs from bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses and cancer, etc.
Since she has the pneumonia more immune cells are present to fight the infection
Physiology
Gas Exchange Laws
Dalton's law of Parietal Pressure
The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gasses
Henry's Law
The solubility of a gas is proportional to its partial pressure
External Respiration
Gas exchange between environment and blood
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
Bronchioles dilate or constrict in resp to changes in CO2 in air in bronchioles
Pulmonary arterioles dilate or constrict in resp to changes in PO2 or PCO2
Internal Respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue
Gas Transport in Blood
Oxygen Transport
Most carried by hemoglobin
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Some dissolved in plasma
Some carried by hemoglobin
Most converted to carbonic acid or bicarbonate
Bicarbonate transport
Part of plasma buffer system
Dissolved in plasma
Pulmonary Ventilation
Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation
Mdulla
Primary brain center that regulates breathing
Chemorecepters
Senses change in blood pH and relays information to the brain
Hyperventilation
Rapid breathing that results in increased loss of carbon dioxide
Pulmonary Air Volume
Pulmonary Air Volume
Respiratory Capacities
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
TV + IRV = IC
Total ability to inspire
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
ERV + RV = FRC
Volume of air left in lungs after exhalation in quiet breathing
Vital Capacity (VC)
Total amount of air the lungs are capable of holding
TV + IRV + ERV = VC
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Total amount of air capacity of the lungs
TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC
Alveolar Ventilation
Minute Ventilation
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
Pulmonary Function Tests
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Force Expiratory Volume (FEV)
Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV)
Total amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing
Residual Volume (RV)
Total amount of air left in lungs following forced expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Used to measure elasticity of the lungs and chest wall
Total amount of air that can be forcefulling exhaled, beyond tidal volume
Inspiratory Resolve Volume (IRV)
Total amount of air that's can be forcibly inhaled, beyond tidal volume
Used to measure compliance of the lung
Respiratory System Functions
Speech Production
When air passes vocal cords
Bring oxygen in and carbon dioxide out
Major Processes
Ventalation
Breathing air in and out of lungs
External Rspiration
Exchange of gases between lungs and the blood
Cellular Respiration
Metabolic reactions that produce energy
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between tissue and blood
Functions of the Alveoli
In charge of Gas exhange
Moving air in and out of your lungs (ventilation)
Pumps blood through lungs (perfusion)
Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange (diffusion)
Partial pressure and high elevations
Is the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gasses
As you go higher in elevation the less oxygen (O2) the body gets
It's harder to let carbon dioxide (CO2) out
Body may become more acidic
Convert to respiratory acidosis
Its not the same because it's residual and it doesn't change
Effects of inflammation
May cause sinuous in the skin
Decrease conscious b/c of low levels of oxygen
Impaired airway malfunctions
Heart rate is going to increase
Bronchus swollen
Cause difficulty breathing
Cause fluid buildup
