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Human Evolution (Traits (Australopithecus aferensis # (bone structure…

- - - - lived in eastern Africa
    - - has plant based diets
        
        leaves
        
        fruits
        
        roots
        
        nuts
        
        instects
        
        occasionaly small vertebrae
        
        such as lizards
    - - between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago
      - went extinct 1.9 million years ago
    - - relatively small
        
        was about 380-430 cm
    - - reduced canines and molars
        
        canines are still smaller than modern humans
      - face with forward-projecting jaws
      - some bones appear ape-like others are more modern humans-like
        
        scapula is more ape-like
        
        curvature of phalanges are more like a modern day human
  - - - west central Africa
      - east central Africa
    - - mountain gorilla's
        
        leaves
        
        stems
        
        pith
        
        shoots
        
        fruit
        
        very small part of their diets
      - eastern lowland gorillas
        
        commonly eaten are
        
        piths
        
        leaves
        
        fruits make up 25% of their diets
        
        insects
        
        preferably ants
    - - 7 million years ago to now
    - - weighs between 330 and 570 g for males
      - have small brains
        
        are about 500 cubic centimeters
    - - their bones are denser than humans
      - brow-ridge is continuous and straight
      - larger head or skull but smaller brain
      - gorillas don't have chins
  - - - Chimps can be found in southern Senegal
      - Across Congo river
      - Near Uganda and western Tanzania
    - - Bones are very hard and resistant
      - Has a relatively large skull
      - Humeruous is the biggest bone and it is very strong
    - - Chimps arrived around 11 million years ago #
      - Still around today though considered endangered
    - - 33.6 cm cube
      - Just before birth, their brain reaches 40.3% of the adult volume
    - - They are omnivores and eat a wide variety of items
        
        Fruits
        
        leaves
        
        Insects
        
        Bark
        
        Eggs
        
        They even hunt monkeys and other small animals for meat
  - - - Wild plants
        
        Fruits
        
        Nuts
        
        Wheat
      - Wild animals
        
        Cattle
        
        Pigs
        
        Lamb
    - - Skull
        
        Short base, high brain case
        
        Back of the skull is round
        
        eye sockets are more square than round
      - Teeth
        
        Jaw is short
        
        Teeth are smaller than the others teeth
      - Finger bones are straight unlike earlier ancestors
      - Legs are relatively long compared with the arms
    - - 300,000 years ago they evolved to us now
      - right now right not as in 2020
    - - 1350 cubic centimeterers
      - Makes up 2.2% of out bodies weight
    - - They settled with ease in all types of habitats
        
        Rain forests
        
        Mountain ranges
        
        TO HERRREEEE EVERYWHERE
  - - - teeth are much larger than H. sapiens
        
        might have larger teeth because they had to eat raw meat
      - they walked heel-to-toe like modern day humans
      - cranial capacity of 850 cm cubed
      - average height of 5 ft 9
        
        males were 25% larger than females
    - - lived across the globe
        
        South Africa
        
        Kenya
        
        Spain
        
        China
        
        Java, Indonesia
    - - 2 million years ago until about 100,000 thousand years ago
        
        maybe even 50,000 years ago
    - - ate mainly meat
        
        meat was usually raw
      - plants
        
        edible roots
      - honey
    - - average brain size was 900 cubic cm
      - larger than homo habilis
        
        smaller than Homo heidelbergenisis
  - - - Ranged from
        
        1200 cm cube
        
        1750 cm cube
    - - Consisted of a lot of meat
      - Some grains were found in the molars
      - Ate a variety of plants
    - - skull
        
        Large middle part of the face
        
        Angled cheek bones
        
        And a large nose
      - The lower arm and leg bones are short
    - - Lived until 40,000
      - Probably went extinct because of unprecedented competition with immigrating humans
    - - They lived in Europe
      - South Western to Central Asia
  - - - lived in Eastern Africa
    - - Very wide cheek bones
        
        Had very big canines
        
        Needed wider cheek bones to fit teeth
        
        Jaw and cheek bones were very strong
      - Had a wide face
        
        Skull was known as the "Nut cracker man"
      - Male Bones were bigger than female
    - - Pleistocene epoch
      - 2.4 until 1.4 million years
    - - Fed on Hard objects as primary nutrition because of strong jaw
      - Fed on Nuts, seeds, and hard fruit
      - Grasses and sedges
    - - About 500 to 550 cm cubed
      - Around the same size as
        
        Australopithecus Afarensis
        
        Australopithecus Africanus
  - - - Around 461 cubic cm
    - - A lot like a chimps diet
        
        Fruits
        
        Seeds
        
        Nuts
        
        Roots
        
        Eggs
      - Still ate meat at times
    - - Skull
        
        Large Molars
        
        Rounder cranium for bigger brain
        
        Smaller more human like canines were appearing
      - Pretty long arms
      - Pronounced jaw
      - Like Aferenis
        
        Foot bones
        
        Pelvis
        
        Femur
    - - Lived around 3 to 2 million years ago
      - During the Pleistocene period
    - - Around South Africa
        
        Makapansgat
        
        Taung
        
        Sterkfontien
  - - - west central Africa
    - - plant-based diet
        
        leaves
        
        fruit
        
        seeds
        
        roots
        
        nuts
        
        insects
    - - relatively small cranium
      - brain case is 320 cm to 380 cm cubed
      - flat face
      - small canines
      - heavy bow ridges
    - - was about 350 cc
        
        similar to a modern chimoanzees
    - - 7 million years ago during the Miocene epoch #
- - - - 5.Paranthropus boisei #
      - 6.Australopithecus africanus #
        
        7.Homo erectus
        
        8.Homo neanderthalensis
        
        9.Homo sapiens #