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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination…
Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
fragmentation
modifications improve efficiency
saxifrage, grass, pineapple
plantlets formed where flowers expected
bulbis
willows, thistles
adventitious roots grow out while parent alive
cacti
broken parts form roots
branches poorly attatched and break off
large spreading or vining plant grows
7 meters in length
individual parts self sufficient
adventitious roots
Sexual Reproduction
Embryo and Seed Development
Seed Coats
Cotyledons
two primordia
Suspensor
Embryo into endosperm
Hypocotyl
root and shoot junction
Radicle
embryonic roots
Albuminous seeds
Abundant endosperm
Exalbuminous
Sparse endosperm
Epicoyl
Embryonic Stems
Flower Structure
Sepals
Calyx
All sepals together
Four floral appendages
Lowest and Outermost
Stamens
Filament
Stalk
Anther
Where pollen produced
Pollen
Above Petals
Capels
Style
Elevates stigma
Ovary
Megaspores produced
Constitute the gynoecium
Placentae
inside ovary
Stigma
catches pollen
Nucellus
mass of parenchyma
Petals
Make up corolla
Sepals and Petals
Plant life Cycle
Microgametes
small sperm cells
Sporophytes Phase
one Phase
Spores
After meiosis
Gametophyte
Haploid Plant
Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte and gametophytes
Fertilization
Gametes fuse
Heteromorphic generations
Gametophytes don't resemble sporophytes
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Gametes
sperm and egg
Megagmetes
large eggs
Fruit Development
Fruit
mature ovary
Mesocarp
Flesh
Pericarp
#
Entire fruit wall
Endocarp
Innermost layer
Exocarp
outer layer
Fertilization
Endosperm
Coenocytic and cellular
Plasmogamy
Fusion of protoplasts
Karyogamy
Fusion of nuclei
Double Fertiliztion
Sperm undergo fusions
Gametophytes
Megagametophyte
Antipodal cells
3 small
Polar nuclei
two
Central cell
Large
Egg Aparatus
Embryo Sac
Multinucleate megagametophyte
Microgametophyte
Pollen tube
Penetrates stigma
Vegatative cells
large
Generative cells
small
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
Regular
Stems and roots
Zygomorphic
Bilaterally symmetrical flowers
Coevolution
Stamen and Style Maturation times
no living pollen
Young flowers open anters
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
Dioecious
only carpellate or stamenate
Essential organs
Carples
Stamens
#
Monoecious
Staminate and Carpellate
Imperfect Flower
Lacks essential organs
Wind Pollinated Flowers
Dense populations
Aided by growth pattern
Distinct set of midifications
Cross-Pollination
Pollination from self
Pollen from different individual
Ovary Position
Superior ovary
above other parts
inferior ovary
below the organs
Half-inferior
partially buried
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibity
#
Compatibility barriers
prevent pollen growth
Inflorescences and Pollination
many flowers grouped together give off inflorescence
arrangments
determinate
linited potential for growth
apex is converted into flower
terminal flower opens first
lower ones open successively
indeterminate
lowest or outermost flowers open first
new flowers are being initiated at apex
plant can control
maturation
opening of the flowers
timing of initiation
collective visual signal to pollinators
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
aggregate fruit
separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse during development
pericarp
ovary wall
inferior ovaries receptacle tissues or sepal, petal, stamen tissues
become involved in the fruit
tissues of fruit
accessory fruit
used if noovarian tissue present
false fruit
apples
simple fruit
fruit develops from single ovary or fused ovaries of one flower
most common
true fruits
fruits contain only ovarian tissue
multiple fruit
individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
ex: figs, pineapples, mulberries
Classification of Fruit Types
dry
indehiscent fruits
compound gnoecium
nut
pericarp is hard at maturity
walnut
all but one ovule degenerates during development
since carpel
samara
one-seeded fruit w/winglike outgrowths of the ovary wall
maples, adler, ash
caryopsis
testa fuses withfruit wall during maturation
ex: grasses: wheat, corn, oats
simple small
contain one seed
achene
fruit wall thin and papery
sunflowers
like a caryopsis
seed and fruit remain distinct
compound gnoecium
capsule
schizocarp
compound ovary breaks into individual carpels called mericarps
opens many ways
splitting along lines of fusion
hyperium
spiltting between lines of fusion
iris
opening by small pores
poppy
splitting into top and bottom half
primose
single carpal
follicle
breaks open only one side
columbine, milkweed
developing from a single carpellegume
fruit breaks open along both sides
beans, peas
fleshy
drupe
similar
endocarp hard, sclerenchymatous
peach, cherry, plum
pepo
soft inner issues
pumpkin,squash, cantelope
fleshy fruit w/exocarp tough
hard rind
hespermidium
exocarp leathery
citrius
berry
fleshy fruit w/3 layers
grape, tomato
pome
endocarp papery or leathery
apple
similar to berry
compound
multiple fruit
all fruits of an inflorescence grow together during maturation
pineapple
aggregate fruits
carpels of flower not fused
grow together during maturation
rasberry
agents of dispersal
wind
anemochory
dispersed by the plant itself
autochory
animals
attached to animal
epizoochory
eaten by animal
endozoochory
bats
chiropterochory
mammals
mammaliochory
birds
ornithochory
water
hydochory
ants
myrmecochory
Pericarp
Stamens
Pollen
