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Populations and Ecosystems (Concepts (Ecosystem reacting to the plant…
Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
Ecosystem reacting to the plant
Plant reacting to ecosystems
Population=group of plants in an area
Community= number of populations
Ecosystem=community in nonliving environment
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Abiotic components of the habitat
Latitude and altitude
No seasonal variation at equator
Climate
Important to all organisms
Tolerance range
Low and high extremes
Soil factors
A horizon
Zone of leaching
Consists of litter and debris
Uppermost
Rain washes nutrients to B horizon
B horizon
Rich in nutrients
Contains humus & clay
Zone of deposition
Pioneers
First plants that invade new soil
C horizon
Composed of parent rock & rock fragment
Disturbance
Wildfires
Landslides
Snow avalanches
Floods
Biotic components of the habitat
Other plant species
Competitive exclusion
Species less adapted excluded from ecosystems
Mutualism
Interactions are beneficials for both organisms
Common garden
Plants from both sites may be grown together
Competition
Integration is harmful for both organisms
Niche
Species adapted to particular set of conditions
Transplant experiments
Plants are transplanted to another site
Organisms other than plants
Pathogenic
Bacteria/fungi attack the plant
Predation
One species benefits, other is harmed
Herbivores/herbivory
Animals that eat plants
Browsing
Eats twigs & leaves of shrubs
Deer & giraffes
Grazing
Eating herbs
Sheep & cattle
Commensal relationships
One species benefits, other isn't affected
The plant itself
Modifies the habitat
Habitat
#
Conditions where organisms complete life cycles
Operational habitat
Aspects of habitat that affect plants
The Structure of Populations
Age distribution: demography
#
Relative proportions of different aged individuals
Generation times
Time from birth to birth of offspring
Intrinsic rate of natural increase/biotic potential
Offspring live long enough to reproduce
Carrying capacity
Total number of individuals
That can survive in one place
Symbolized by K
r- and K- selection
r- selection
Disturbance usually produces r conditions
Fire/flood destroys individuals in the area
Resources are plentiful for the remaining few
K- selection
Population is close to carrying capacity
Conditions in a crowded habitat
Geographic distribution
Boundaries of geographic range
Ability of plant species to spread
Throughout a geographical area
Limiting factor
One factor determines health of plant
Local geographical distribution
Random distribution
Used when no patterns are identifiable
Clumped distribution
Spacing between plants
Either small or large
Uniform distribution
Occurs in orchards & tree plantations
Evenly spaced from neighbors
The Structure of Ecosystems
Temporal structure
Time can be as short as a day
Time can encompass seasons or decades
Species composition
Diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
Physiognomic structure
Trees, shrubs, & herbs
Trophic levels
Primary producers
First step of any food web
Primary composers
#
Herbivores
Secondary producers
Feeding levels
Decomposers
Fungi and bacteria
Can effect K-
Role in demography
Mostly Herbivores
