Chemistry
Topic 1
Atomic Structure
Analytical Techniques
Isotopes
Flame Test, AES and AAS
Orbitals (electron config): 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p ⭐
Every period is a new energy level
electrostatic attraction between protons and electrons
Electron configuration for isotope, removing or adding electrons to electron config
s (2 electrons) p (6 electrons) d (10 electrons)
Orbital diagrams, (boxes) arrows symbolize electrons ⭐
Rules for orbital diagrams
Aufbaus: Always fill the lowest one first
Hund: 1 arrow before 2
Paulis: Arrows (electrons) are in opposite ways
Atomic Notation 
Exceptions: Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) ⭐
Why? Coppers electron config doesn't fill up its 3d orbital whereas Chromium doesn't fill the 3d orbital halfway, therefore creating creating it to be unstable
(X is also M)
Atoms and Isotopes
Ions
atomic number = p+ = e-
atomic mass - atomic number = n
atomic number = p+
atomic mass - atomic number = n
atomic number + or - ion charge = e-
Atoms: the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist
Isotopes: same element/s with the same # of protons but different # of nuetrons (e.g. N7, N8, N9)
Ion: atom/molecule with electric charge due to their loss or gain of one or more electrons
In electron config, even though its 3p 4s 3d, electrons lose in orbital 4 and gains in orbital 3
Atoms that are heavy do not affect the size but the mass
if average atomic mass has a decimal place, the atoms are an isotopes??
Representation: e.g. Ni - 59 or Nickel - 59 ⭐
element or symbol name with the mass # :
different isotopes, same # of elements and protons but diff # of neutrons
physical property, same p and e = similar chemical properties
diff neutrons = diff physical properties (different mass = different density)
Relative atomic mass
It is the mass of the atom with respect to the mass of the isotope carbon - 12
Why carbon -12? atomic mass has a unit g/mol (gmol -1) but relative atomic mass does not
paired: 1s^2; unpaird 1s^1
Periodicity/Absorption
Mass Spectometry
Trends
Bonding
Atomic Radii
decreases across a period and increase down a group
Electronegativity
1st ionization energy
Ionic Radii
click to edit
Things on the data test
Formula writing and bonding is not on the test
Analytical Techniques
Identify Periodic Trends, patterns, relationships, limitations or uncertainty in data sets
No ionic formula writing or naming
do calculations of isotopic abundance/relative mass
isotopes -
remember acids (4)