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Chapter 3: Socio-cultural Influences - Engagement patterns (Engagement…
Chapter 3: Socio-cultural Influences - Engagement patterns
Engagement Patterns
Young people
60 mins of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day for those aged between 5 and 18.
Others
150 minutes of moderate activity a week (aged 19 and over)
DCMS (Department for Culture, Media and Sport)
Government department responsible for creating and implementing policy relating to sport
Sport England
National organisation working to improve British exercise habits and increase participation in sport.
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
Organisations responsible for the administration of each sport at a national level
Lawn Tennis Association (LTA)
Football Association (FA)
Participation Rates
More men participate in sport more than women (10% more)
Low participation rates of disabled people
Participation in ethnic minorities is also increasing
Professional and managerial workers are the group most likely to participate in sport. Manual workers and the unemployed are the least likely participants.
Participation rates decrease as age increases
Social Groups
A social group is a group of two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity
Age
Young people have wider opportunity participate in sport
Also have PE lessons
Football, running and cycling are more popular
Rates of participation decrease as age increases
Can put limits on certain sports - age restrictions (being 18 to run a marathon)
Older people
Sports like bowls are more popular
Does not require too much movement
Gender
Males and females both encouraged to take part in sport
Some sports have more opportunities for one gender
May be lack of clubs or fear of stereotyping
Men are more likely to take part in sports
Ethnicity
Participation rates are lower for ethnic minorities
Weather is a factor in determining what sports people play (e.g. cricket is popular in Asia, India, because it is hotter)
Disability
Some people may be limited to what they can do
Can be put off because they are embarrassed
Participation rates are rising
Socio-economic group
More people from higher socio-economic groups participate in sports than those from lower ones
Have more disposable income
Factors Affecting Participation
Disability
The fact that only a small number of sports have been adapted, lack of specialist facilities, discrimination and a lack of confidence can all hinder the participation in sport of those with some form of disability.
Role models
The lack of minority role models promoted in sport can limit participation. Role models such as Tom Daley in diving, Ellie Simmonds in swimming or Beth Tweddle in gymnastics can encourage people to take part in sport.
Disposable income
Costs of equipment, hiring facilities, and gym memberships can severely restrict the sporting participation of certain socio-economic groups.
Work commitments/Time
Full-time work restricts the amount of free time people have to train, participate or compete in sport.
Access and environment
Sporting choices will depend on what options are available; and certain sports (such as sailing or mountaineering) are only popular in specific areas of the country, limiting access to the majority.
Media Coverage
Media coverage of sport is largely male dominated, and for the most part restricted to the most mainstream sports (such as football, rugby or tennis).
Factors Affecting Participation
Ethnicity, religion or culture
Worship-related commitments, dietary restrictions (e.g. Ramadan) and cultural beliefs may be hindrances to participation in sport.
Family
If parents are more physically active, there is a higher likelihood of their children being so too.
Family support (in the form of transport or money, for example) can be critical
Education
The amount of physical activities provided by any given school will be affected by staff interest, funding and extracurricular commitments.
Examinations can also decrease sporting participation due to study commitments.
Gender
Sports stereotypically perceived as 'male', such as rugby, tend to receive more funding, media attention and other such opportunities.
Age
Adults may perceive themselves to be unfit, lack free time, or lack the confidence to participate in sport.
The greatest provision of physical activity is made for school-age children
How to increase participation rates (PPA)
Examples
This Girl Can - national campaign to improve rates of female participation and promote sport for all women.
Change4Life - involved TV adverts, posters and leaflets to promote good nutrition and a sporty lifestyle.
Sainsbury’s ‘ActiveKids - reward scheme for shoppers who donate exercise and cooking equipment to schools in order to increase participation and improve health.
Promotion
Increasing awareness of sporting opportunities, choice and role models.
Encouraging people to take part
Provision
Making sure that appropriate equipment, coaching and facilities are available.
Access
Ensuring that participation barriers are removed, allowing people to engage actively with sport and physical activity.
Can be by increasing number of clubs/opportunities available or by making them more affordable.