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Middle Eastern History WPR 1 (Lesson 2: Muhammad and the Birth of Islam…
Middle Eastern History WPR 1
Lesson 1: Pre Islamic Middle East
The middle East incorporates the geographical area that extends from Egypt to Afghanistan and stems the birth of Islam
The area of the Middle East was flanked by centers of population and power. Many ruling countries.
"By 4000 BCE, the peoples of that time had learned how to tame the annual floods to water their fields. Other peoples became nomads." (5)
The early Islamic Peoples were of the nomadic type. They were never settling in a certain place for period of time in fears of death and murder.
During the period of the Achemead Dynasty, Persia had ruled over various ethnic and religious groups at the time
When Rome ruled the Middle East, Christianity became a big deal during those times. Most of the early fathers of the Church lived in Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. Constantine created Constantinople.
The Church of Rome became the centralized power house of the middle east and did not allow for much change in religion within its lands.
One sect of religious practices that were not allowed was Arianism. Arianism was outlawed by Church doctrine. Many refugees sought shelter in Persia, Asia, India, China.
Zoroastrianism became a popular religion for those who were not Christian.
Lesson 6: Rise of Shi'a and Invasion
The Faitmids and Buyids
The Fatimids were stretching outwards to the land of Egypt. They created Cairo as aplace of pwoer within the Egyptian world. It rivaled that of Baghdad in the middle east. the Buyids captured Baghdad and they sought to revive Persian culture within the land.
The Turks
the Turks were from Mognolia and they sought to gain land for themselves and conquer all. They became practicers of Islam and adopted many of their ideas.
The Seljuks were an off brand of the Turks and they instituded the idea of the Sultan which woukd rule over the neightboring lands.
Lesson 3: Arab Conquests
The Succession Issue
Muhammad's death lead to an early schism within the umma in early islamic society.
Sunni's believe that Muhammad never chose a succesor of Islam and that the people would elect someone new to take over. Shi'a believe that Muhammad named Ali the true successor of Islam.
Abu-Bakur called himself the successor of the Messenger of God (khalif) this would be recognized as a ridda (apostasy) seeing the break as a renunciation of Islam
A leaders death would have appealed to all the tribes of the area, because it would have ended all treaties and would have required them to stop paying zakat-which they viewed as tribute-to Medina.
The Initial Conquests
The caliphs used the Bedouin for theiur advantage. They mobilized the Bedouin to become a fighting force for the begining of Islam
Why were the Arab's Successful?
The Arab armies were smaller than their Roman counters, although less well equipped, they were fighting for a common cause
Not all warriors had Muslim zeal
Those people that they gained were against the ruling powers of the time
The sudden collapse of Persia created a vacuum that the Arabs were quick to fill.
Islam and Government
The early Islamic states were surrounded by lands that were of different rule.
Umar (the new caliph) sought to conquer many lands and peoples in hope of spreading Islam to others. When he captured many lands he took over their governemnt but did not take over their way of life. Conquered peoples still had their primary languages and religions mainly became Muslim.
Ali's Caliphate
Ali was a caliph who proved to be weak. He did not have any major impact of Islamic history.
The Battle of Camel was the first major instance of two Muslim armies fighting. In the battle, Aisha was the first instance of a woman leading a battle and she loss in defeat to Ali's opposing side.
Lesson 8: Firearms, Slaves, and Empires
Lesson 2: Muhammad and the Birth of Islam
Muhammad was a merchant in his early life, and he lived a life of poverty and injustice
Muhammad did not believe in the code of muruwwa in the early Islamic life.
Muruwwa: a pre-islamic code of conduct for men that incuded bravery, revenge, protection, loyalty, etc.
The Arabic word muslim means "one who submits"-to God's will. MUHAMMAD's BELIEFS AND TEACHINGS DISRUPTED FAMILIES AND THREATENED THE ORDER.
The Meccans disprove of Muhammed's beliefs in fears that Muhammad would take away their wealth and power.
Muhammad was appeard to by an angel and was told to flee Meca. the emigration was called the hijra
A hijra was a carefully planned maneuver. Muhammad used this to unite his followers and community making him a leader in political, religious, and military pillars.
Muslims expelled many Jews that were against them because Muhammad believed that the Jews were conspiring with the Meccans
Lesson 7: Islamic Civilization
The Crusades
The Crusades were a major part in the development oif Islam. They gained rulers who were motivated to defeat Christian rulers in hopes of continuing the religion for years to come.
total bloodbath on the Muslim sides. Within the first encounter, the Crusaders breached Byzantine empire and they also breached Jerusalem.
Many of the Muslim citizens were helpless to stop the Crusaders because they did not have the supplies ti defeat them.
Salah-al-Din was the Muslim's last hope for defeating the Crusaders.
The Crusaders took over the Muslim rule but Salah-al-Din united many of the Muslim lands under one rule and became a strong force that would atch that of the Crusaders. Salah took JERSUSALEM FROM THE CRUSADERS
The Mongols
The Crusaders were the begining of a time of conquere within the Muslim lands. The mongols killed all in their paths and slaughtered many civilians and rulers.
Hugalu Khan was the most fiercest Mingol to conquer lands in Muslim History
Lesson 9: Gender in Ottoman Empire
Lesson 5: The High Caliphate
The Restoration of the Umayyad Order
Abd al Malik was one of the most blood thirty caliphs thus far. He saw every opportunity to conquer one of great importance.
Malik saw fit that the caliphate be absolutist (control over everything) and wanted to created a place where the Muslims in the region could go to for Worship. So he created the Dome of the Rock which would be a focal point of contention in the early society because it was in a place of the Jewish and Christian faiths
Resumption of Conquests
After taking a break, conquests began to become more occurign in Muslim world. They conquered many places in the Westenr world and only had to conquer the Byzantine Empire to become the largest power.
After loosing the the Byzantines, the Muslims fled and became a neo-persian empire.
Fiscal Reforms
Taxes were an important way that towns and nations received profit.
Umar II put restrictions on non Muslims under his rule. Non muslims had to pay had taxes and had to wear specific attire to distinguish them.
Muslims payed a zakart and non muslims payed a jizya
Building Baghdad
Baghdad was important because it was the closest point where the Tigris and Euphrates came closest together. Also, it was important because it was the center of gravity for an empire still stretching Eastward towards india.
Lesson 4: Women in Early Islamic Societies
In Islam, men and women are moral equals in God's sight and are expected to fulfill the same duties of worship, prayer, faith, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca
Group of Bedouin nomads. Early Islamic Life
